【正文】 一 個(gè) 例 子 是Skidmore,Owingsamp。作為新結(jié)構(gòu)體系的創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的結(jié)果，美國(guó)到處都是50 到 110 層的高層建筑。均勻沉降不會(huì)如此嚴(yán)重，盡管可能出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)狀況，例如墨西哥城的一些建筑，出現(xiàn)各種各樣的后果，在過(guò)去的一年里，地下水位發(fā)生了改變，致使一些建筑下沉了 3 米多。提供動(dòng)力的電力線路和電話(huà)通訊線路也可能在天花板里或者也可能在樓地面結(jié)構(gòu)層中的管道或?qū)Ь€管里。窗戶(hù)采用傳統(tǒng)上的玻璃作為材料年，然而塑料也被使用，特別在破損嚴(yán)重和保養(yǎng)難的學(xué)校里。 2 承重框架 直到 19 世紀(jì)后期，建筑物的外墻被用做承重墻來(lái)支撐樓層，這種結(jié)構(gòu)是基本的一種過(guò)梁類(lèi)型，它還被用在框架結(jié)構(gòu)房屋中。 專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí) ： 1 Components of A Building and Tall Buildings 1. Abstract Materials and structural forms are bined to make up the various parts of a building, including the loadcarrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel ske leton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in Eiffel (18321932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 2. LoadCarrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearingwall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required； for instance, the 16story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet ( meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (18321907) supported floors on castiron columns to form a cagelike construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls bee a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of buildings continued to increase rapidly. All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ . After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the Unit ed States； its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650foot (198meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers. 2 A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5foot () wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bea ring wall. One re