【正文】 ttern recognition and humanlike information processing abilities. As we move into the fourth era, the problems associated with puter software continue to intensify: Hardware sophistication has outpaced our ability to build software to tap hardware39。 這就是有利有弊的軟件。那時(shí)侯軟件作為事后的不被注意想法被許多人觀看了。 第二個(gè)時(shí)代計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)演變 (圖 11) 跨過(guò)了十年即從 60 年代中期對(duì) 70 年代晚期。一個(gè)“軟件危機(jī)”在世界上隱約地出現(xiàn) 了。最后，專家系統(tǒng)和人工智能軟件從實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)入了現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的廣泛?jiǎn)栴}，成為其實(shí)際應(yīng)用的軟件。 很多程序員經(jīng)常地經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)大家的編程藝術(shù)，然后學(xué)會(huì)這些復(fù)雜的編程工藝。簡(jiǎn)單地陳述，他們申請(qǐng)了控制、方法，以及我們認(rèn)可當(dāng)硬件工程學(xué)的工具。 第四個(gè)時(shí)代對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件來(lái)說(shuō)是正義起點(diǎn)。但是猶如一朵黑暗的云彩出現(xiàn)在天際，所有這些程序 —— 所有這些有一些應(yīng)用是產(chǎn)生的缺點(diǎn)來(lái)源狀態(tài)被查出了被改 , 當(dāng)用戶要求修改則改變 , 或適應(yīng)被購(gòu)買的新硬件。 由于這是個(gè)人性化的軟件環(huán)境 , 設(shè)計(jì)是在一個(gè)人的頭腦 里含蓄過(guò)地程執(zhí)行 , 并且文獻(xiàn)經(jīng)常是不存在的。 在九十年代初，有的科學(xué)家描述到一個(gè)力量變速器在舊的建筑（ 政府 的、教育的、工業(yè)的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、軍用的）將一體化作為計(jì)算機(jī)或者軟件導(dǎo) 致的知識(shí)的民主化。無(wú)論計(jì)算機(jī)被用來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)，控制一個(gè)產(chǎn)品工程，或使系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行，軟件是區(qū)分的因素。在九十年代破曉之初 , 在紐約時(shí)代雜志上有個(gè)特寫詢問(wèn)：“我們能信任我們的軟件嗎 ?” 并且華爾街時(shí)報(bào)敘述了一家專業(yè)軟件公司通過(guò)辛苦的努力的頭版文章題為“創(chuàng)造新的軟件是苦惱的任務(wù)。 我們 移動(dòng)真空電子管處理器微觀電子學(xué)的設(shè)備已有能力每秒運(yùn)行二億條指令。多數(shù)軟件由同樣人或組織開發(fā)了和最終使用。 如同計(jì)算機(jī)為主的 系統(tǒng)的數(shù)量在增長(zhǎng)一樣 , 計(jì)算機(jī)軟件圖書館開始擴(kuò)展。 當(dāng)軟件提供區(qū)分的特征的時(shí)候，個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)硬件迅速地成為商品?？刂朴布M(fèi)用 , 負(fù)責(zé)人設(shè)立了正式控制和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 軟件 , 而不是硬件 , 經(jīng)常是最大的唯一費(fèi)用項(xiàng)目。 問(wèn)題二： 我們建立新程序的能力無(wú)法與對(duì)新程序的需求同步。 全球性和地區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò) , 高帶寬數(shù)字通信 ,已經(jīng)在軟件開發(fā)商那里對(duì)瞬間數(shù)據(jù)存取的增長(zhǎng)的需求投入了重大需求。實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)能收集、分析，并且變換數(shù)據(jù)表多個(gè)來(lái)源，因此控制過(guò)程和生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品在毫秒而不是分鐘。在這個(gè)期間 , 批取向被多數(shù)系統(tǒng)使用了。今天 ,問(wèn)題不同了，在九十年代第一位的主要挑戰(zhàn)是發(fā)展電腦基礎(chǔ)解決辦法的軟件執(zhí)行質(zhì)量 (和減少費(fèi)用被實(shí)施以軟件的 )為主。 1 外文翻譯 : Software and software engineering the software appearance and enumerates As the decade of the 1980s began, a front page story in business week magazine trumpeted the following headline:” software: the new driving force.”software had e of age—it had bee a topic for management concern. during the mid1980s,a cover story in foreune lamented “A Growing Gap in Software,”and at the close of the decade, business week warned managers about”the Software Trap—Automate or else.”As the 1990s dawned , a feature story in Newsweek asked ”Can We Trust Our Software? ”and The wall street journal related a major software pany’s travails with a front page article entitled “Creating New Software Was an Agonizing Task …” these headlines, and many others like them, were a harbinger of a new understanding of the importance of puter software the opportunities that it offers and the dangers that it poses. Software has now surpassed hardware as the key to the success of many puterbased systems. Whether a puter is used to run a business, control a product, or enable a system , software is the factor that differentiates . The pleteness and timeliness of information provided by software (and related databases) differentiate one pany from its petitors. The design and “human friendliness” of a software product differentiate it from peting products with an otherwise similar function .The intelligence and function provided by embedded software often differentiate two similar industrial or consumer products. It is software that can make the difference. During the first three decades of the puting era, the primary challenge was to develop puter hardware that reduced the cost of processing and storing data .Throughout the decade of the 1980s,advances in microelectronics resulted in more puting power at increasingly lower cost. Today, the problem is different .The primary challenge during the 1990s is to improve the 2 quality ( and reduce the cost ) of puterbased solutio