【正文】
ure buildup in the hole. In principle, the buildup of pressure should be fast enough so that inertia prevent appreciable stemming movement during the critical period of gas advance into the rock fracture work. The slow pressure buildup, on the other hand, results in an early release of gas from the hole before the rock fracturing process is pleted. Work by Ozbay (1982), and other earlier works, ascertained that the fracturing process in hard rock requires some 3 to 10 microseconds to plete. The Nonex cartridge is provided with a pressure release valve that is activated on ignition, inflating the cartridge to seal off the hole and keeping the pressure within the hole for as much time as the rock needs to crack before the release. The system greatly reduces the probability of cartridge malfunctioning in the blasthole. An additional advantage is that ever in the case of malfunction,a Nonex charged blasthole could be drilled into by the rockdrill without danger of detonation. There is no potential danger as the cartridge and the igniter are both nonexplosives. One cannot talk of misfire in this case。在過去的三年中,非爆破破巖技術(shù)取得了重大進(jìn)展。非爆破破巖系統(tǒng)表明無人關(guān)注如此大量失去時間的缺點(diǎn),很多系統(tǒng)曾得到發(fā)展,也促進(jìn)了工業(yè)的向前發(fā)展。然而,因為這種技術(shù)不能靈活地與高水平機(jī)械化操作相連,使它 沒有進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。另一個優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,即使出現(xiàn)故障,鉛硼控制炮眼可由鉆巖鉆孔而且沒有爆炸的危險。不管如何,這些新技術(shù)下面顯著的特征是值得突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的。 經(jīng)濟(jì)實用的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 非爆破破巖技術(shù)能夠提供如下優(yōu)點(diǎn): ★ 安全方面: ○產(chǎn)生很少或不產(chǎn)生有毒氣體。 ○在采礦業(yè)中,最強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)率的評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是每個月每個工作面得到盡可能多的有效爆第 16 頁 破 —— 這個系統(tǒng)可使每個月爆破潛力增加 200%??裳杆偃〈弑夹g(shù),有很強(qiáng)的競爭力,在商業(yè)化的爆破市場中有很高的占有率。D 中,提高生產(chǎn)率是將來要做的重心。另一方面,緩慢加壓可讓氣體在巖破裂過程完成之前從鉆眼及時釋放。在已經(jīng)很困難的環(huán)境,即深井地?zé)嶝?fù)擔(dān),高強(qiáng)度巖石,空間局限??岷材罚?2020)指出了傳統(tǒng)高爆開采的主要缺點(diǎn)。D)is still required. 第 11 頁 REFFERENCES Cunningham,., Threshold Blasting: reinventing the application of explosives for narrow reef mining. //Kabongo, . Blasting induced damage in coal, Proceedings 21st International Conference on Blasting Techinques, SEE Tennessee, Nashville, USA, 1995 pp. 20321 Kabongo, . An investigation into coal damage during blasting, Ph D thesis, University of the Witwatersrand 1997, pp 6470 Mey , J. RoBurst: Hydrofracturing rock breaking technology ,WIPO/97/3, August 1997 Ozbay, M. U. A Study of the application of shortdelay blasting to narrow stope gold mining in South Africa, 1982 Totra, E. D. A nonexplosive continuous mining system for South Africa narrow vein mines. Proceedings of the Marcus Evans conference on ―Blasting‖. September 2020 :: 第 12 頁 安全連續(xù)采礦的非爆破破巖技術(shù) 摘要: 同世界上的其 它 很多地區(qū)一樣,南非的一些礦井采用鉆爆法作為開采礦石的破巖方式。然而,成本經(jīng)濟(jì)、高爆破采礦并不能保證采礦總成本是最合適的。第 13 頁 他觀察到地下礦石開采受到與爆破作業(yè)相關(guān)的破壞的限制。爆破法明顯地對采礦業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)較小。在奧茲拜( 1982)和其他早期的工作中,探察到硬巖的裂縫需要百萬分之三到十才能完成。 非爆破破巖的顯著特點(diǎn) 在過去的許多年中,高水平爆破技術(shù)已經(jīng)為采礦業(yè)帶來了財富和榮譽(yù),自從非爆破破巖技術(shù)打算 同高爆技術(shù)競爭時,它已面臨許多曲折和困境。它超越爆破開采之處是在綜合推進(jìn)反應(yīng)活動輕輕插入本身端口。 。即鉆眼里控制氣體時間越長,破巖效果越好,由于擠壓產(chǎn)生的細(xì)石越少。新興的技術(shù)必須要與之競爭。此系統(tǒng)大大減少了炮眼里彈藥筒出故障的可能性。在道恩豐坦礦井開始進(jìn)行引信起爆試驗在這一進(jìn)程中的隨之其后的開拓者很多,如克魯夫礦井,認(rèn)為它的低工作成本第 14 頁 和高生產(chǎn)效率使這種技術(shù)是一流的。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意到有一個在進(jìn)入時期,同時,還要解決爆炸氣體、有害氣體和粉塵的問題。當(dāng)然,機(jī)械化開采是最好的選擇,然而,很多人試圖在狹窄的而且很深的礦脈深處采用重型機(jī)械作業(yè)時,結(jié)果卻令人失望。 rather a malfunctioning that can easily be remedied. ALTEX’s SAFEX technology Originally from Scotland this technology is claimed to be suitable for both secondary and primary rock breaking in surface as well as underground mining. It is a relatively new product in the industry and so it has not attracted much interests. It is based on the use of drilled hole in which a special propellant cartridge is charged in a bottompriming configuration. The blasthole is stemmed with sand and a double chemical concoction, which mixt with the sand to from a sort of paste in the hole. The paste expands to fill up the section area of the hole and dries quickly into a plug that seals tightly the hole. The propellant charge is initiated by an AEL made electrical/bustion igniter named ―sure start‖. It is basically an electrical fusehead that is made to set off normal igniter cord for bustion initiation. Safex field trials conducted at a chrome mine as well as at 第 6 頁 a platinum mine respectively in the Eastern and Western Bushveld did not yield conclusive evidence to warrant remendation of the system for routine mining. As in any Ramp。然而,自從人類生活應(yīng)當(dāng)有其恰當(dāng)?shù)膬r值,無論如何,國家期望的是零事故。 非爆破破巖系統(tǒng)的途徑和潛在原則 在 90 年代早期,采礦業(yè)見證了一個 急需尋找成功范例轉(zhuǎn)向采礦支撐廣泛研究,使非爆破破巖石在狹窄的礦脈更安全、效率更高。在一個非爆破彈藥筒內(nèi)的壓力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于在鉆眼里慢慢加壓對主干的反應(yīng)。由于該系統(tǒng)沒有提出確切的細(xì)節(jié)保證,推薦此系統(tǒng)用于常規(guī)開采。它將推動工業(yè)向前發(fā)展,為確保其全球競爭力作出貢獻(xiàn)。 ○勞動力的合理利用。 ○不會發(fā)生偶然事故,很少造成致命的傷害。因此,連續(xù)開采和下面提及的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是采礦業(yè)的夢想,但現(xiàn)在既可適用于地下又可適用于初級和二級開采。這種情況下不會出現(xiàn)瞎炮,出現(xiàn)故障也容易修復(fù)。 NXCO’ NONEX 技術(shù) 鉛硼技術(shù)是建立在利用推進(jìn)彈藥筒的基礎(chǔ)上的。 2 非爆破破巖 南非采礦業(yè)有全世界最高的傷亡事故發(fā)生率,這主要?dú)w咎于 采礦的深度 (地下 2~3千米,甚至更深 ) 。基于非爆破破巖上的推動作用,使自己符合工業(yè)發(fā)展中的這種觀點(diǎn),非爆破破巖技術(shù)因此成為低成本但威脅生命的爆破技術(shù)和高資金投入但不靈活的機(jī)械化開采的中間選擇。 Less fines and dust generation 本文將討論非爆破破巖系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),展現(xiàn)一些非爆試 驗結(jié)果,籍此使破巖技術(shù)朝著連續(xù)開采的方向發(fā)展,提高健康和安全采礦的生產(chǎn)率。下面這個表格統(tǒng)計了 1990~1999 年期間南非礦井的事故記錄。鉛硼彈藥筒系統(tǒng)的工作原理是用一個氣球封死鉆眼,避 免在加壓過程中氣體外泄。沙子和雙倍化學(xué)成分混合成漿糊狀,塞滿炮眼,漿糊向外擴(kuò)展充斥一部分,快速干透后,進(jìn)入緊緊封死的插頭里。產(chǎn)品成分對使用者無害,為生活提供娛樂,因此,在傳送和運(yùn)輸中沒有要求要特殊放置。 ○很少出現(xiàn)瞎炮,即使發(fā)生一例也可通過安全鉆孔降低傷害。 ○可避免無數(shù)強(qiáng)制和通用的用于常規(guī)爆破帶來的危險性。 技術(shù)論據(jù) 在開采工業(yè)正對環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)的這個時期里,非爆破破巖技 術(shù)被介紹進(jìn)來。至今為止,它還沒有引起人們的足夠興趣。另外,鉛硼彈藥筒是 100%的非爆破及完全的惰性。另外,基于安全性考慮的是爆炸產(chǎn)生的巨大能量經(jīng)常很難說明爆炸能量大部分釋放在巷道兩幫上?;旧线@些系統(tǒng)利用巖石中爆炸生成氣體的能量來完成破巖的工作。第 1 頁 中文 3712 字 Nonexplosive Rock Breaking Technologies for Safe and Continuous Mining Key words: Mining Consultant, Yonke Services (Pty) Limited, 31 Impala Road Ch