【正文】 es are also added to the data base. Production control and inventory control programs can then access the work plans, time estimates, and parts lists (bill of materials file), in preparing the manufacturing schedules, for example. 1 ComputerAided Design Computeraided design, or CAD as it is more monly known, has grown from a narrow activity and conceI。 我們已經(jīng)或 正在使用計算機技術(shù)來完成產(chǎn)品在生產(chǎn)過程中的各個環(huán)節(jié)的工作，我們已經(jīng)研制成了計算機輔助設計和計算機繪圖技術(shù)，利用這些技術(shù)就能在計算機上生成產(chǎn)品及其零件的模型。 集成設計與制造數(shù)據(jù)庫 CAD； CAM；幾何建模；編制數(shù)控加工程序；分析；編制機器人程序；人 機交互式工作站；集成數(shù)據(jù)庫；自動輸出參數(shù)；運動分析；工藝編程；自動繪圖；工廠管理。應盡可能地采用標準零件，而不是重復設計同類零件。他還在 NIDVALE 鋼鐵公司進行了長達 26 年之久的金屬切削實驗，產(chǎn)生 400 噸金屬切屑。 上述歷史的幾點粗淺的啟示如下。一些估計表明，這種方法將 FMS 中工件所需的工藝時間減少 95%以上。 有趣的是，隨著不同時期發(fā)生的待定變化，制造工業(yè)取得了很大進展。研究這些技術(shù)的兩大任務是福拉狄采克 .泰勒和亨利福特。同樣，使用計算機輔助工程軟件，如有限元模型便可自動地分析設 計機構(gòu)特征。這就引出了計算機集成制造這一概念，其最終目標就是無紙化工廠，在這方面已經(jīng)取得了許多成就但完全集成的 CIM 系統(tǒng)還沒有研制成功，由于產(chǎn)品設計和工藝規(guī)程設計在產(chǎn)平生產(chǎn)周期內(nèi)只進行一次，所以他們最適合于集成。本文中的計算機系統(tǒng)是指計算機的硬件和軟件的組合、計算機輔助制造是利用計算機系統(tǒng)來規(guī)劃、管理和控制制造廠的加工過程。附 錄 1 英文原文 Scope of CAD/CAM Computeraided design is the use of puter systems to facilitate the creation, modification, analySIS, and optimization of a design. In this context the term puter system means a bination of hardware and software. Computeraided manufacturing is the use of a puter system to plan, manage, and control the opemtion of a manufacturing plant. An appreciation of the scope of CAD/CAM can be obtained by considering the stages that must be pleted in the design and manufacture of a product, as illustmted by the product cycle shown in Fig. 5 . 8. The inner loop of this figure in~ludes the various steps in the product cycle and the outer loop shows some of the functions of CAD/CAM superimposed on the product cycle . Based on market and customer requirements, a product is conceived, which may well be a modification of previous products. This product is then designed in detail, including any required design analysis, and drawings and parts lists are prepared. Subsequently, the various ponents and assemblies are planned for production, which involves the selection of sequences of processes and machine tools and the estimation of cycle times, together with the determination of process parameters, such as feeds and speedsCJJ. When the product is in production, scheduling and control of manufacture take place, and the order and timing of each manufacturing step for each ponent and assembly is detemnned to meet an overall manufacturing schedule. The actual manufacturing and control of product quality then takes place according to the schedule and the final products are delivered to the customers. Computerbased procedures have been or are being developed to facilitate each of these stages in the product cycle, and these are shown in the outer loop of Fig. 5 . 8. Computeraided design and drafting techniques have been developed. These allow a geometric model of the product and its ponents to be created in the puter. This model can tlIen be analyzed using specialized software packages, such as those for finite element stress analysis, mechanisms design, and so on. Subsequently, dmwings and parts lists can be produced with puteraided drafting software and plotters. Computeraided processplanning systems, including the prepamtion of NC programs, are available that produce work plans, estimates, and manufacturing instructions automatically from geometric descriptions of the ponents and assembliesCll ? r39。根據(jù) 產(chǎn)民設計和制造過程所必須完成的各項內(nèi)容，我們來描述 CAD/CAM 的作用范圍。這種集成特別需要，因為設計過程生成的幾何參數(shù)是在指定合適的制造過程和作業(yè)計劃時確定工藝過程所需要的基本設備之一。 改進了信息的存取方法。二十世紀初期，美國人民生活水平提高，增加了個人財富，從而又導致了人們對耐用品的需求增多。例如19 世紀的