【正文】 t a day or more Bidders may bid only once, but bidders can usually view the lowest bid and rebid several times 51 Reverse Auction: The Process 52 Other EProcurement Methods Internal marketplace: The aggregated catalogs of all approved suppliers bined into a single internal electronic catalog 53 Benefits of internal marketplaces corporate buyers quickly find what they want, check availability and delivery times, and plete an electronic requisition form reduce number of regular suppliers easy financial controls 54 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Industrial malls Distributors that aggregate products from hundreds or thousands of suppliers in one place Horizontal—carrying MRO (nonproduction) materials for use in a variety of industries Vertical—carrying products used by one industry but at various segments of the supply chain 55 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Eauctions sellers are increasingly motivated to sell surpluses and even regular products via auctions eauctions provide an opportunity to buyers to find inexpensive or unique items fairly quickly 56 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Group purchasing: The aggregation of orders from several buyers into volume purchases so that better prices can be negotiated 57 Exhibit The Group Purchasing Process 58 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Internal aggregation—panywide orders are aggregated using the Web and replenished automatically External aggregation—provide SMEs with better prices, selection, and services by aggregating demand online and then either negotiating with suppliers or conducting reverse auctions 59 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Purchasing direct goods Epurchasing direct goods allows buyers to: get them faster reduce the unit cost reduce inventories avoid shortages of materials expedite their own production processes 60 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Electronic bartering Bartering exchange: An intermediary that links parties in a barter。 a pany submits its surplus to the exchange and receives points of credit, which can be used to buy the items that the pany needs from other exchange participants 61 Infrastructure for B2B Major infrastructures needed for B2B marketplaces Telemunications works and protocols Server(s) for hosting the databases and the applications Software for various activities for executing the sellside activities, buyside activities, PRM, and building a storefront Security for hardware and software 62 Other EProcurement Methods (cont.) Integration Integration with existing internal infrastructure and applications EC applications of any kind need to be connected to the existing internal information systems Integration with business partners EC can be integrated more easily with internal systems than with external ones 63 Managerial Issues 1. Can we justify the cost of B2B applications? 2. Which vendor(s) should we select? 3. Which B2B model(s) should we use? 4. Should we restructure our procurement system? 64 Ma