【正文】 ficiency. Knowing the horsepower requirement for a cut is critical if more than one tool is cutting at the same time. Software for a machining center application would be Ingersoll Tool Company39。這些現(xiàn)實是： 集成電路的發(fā)展，它減少了電路的尺寸，使得維護便利且有利于設(shè)計的標準化。最早的這些點到點機床長循環(huán)的球形螺絲釘，這就意味著那些運動必須很緩慢，移動中遇到的沖擊不可避免，關(guān)于這個問題下章有更詳細的敘述。問題是怎么樣來克服來自常規(guī)的加工方法和手工制作的不足。這圖形可表示零件的外形輪廓、孔等等。由于用不同的顏色代表不同的刀具，所以觀察不同刀具的軌跡是很容易的。被使用的裝夾夾具是虎鉗，抓盤還是卡盤？這些考慮之后，計算機輸出就可開始了。通常在切削方面使用兩年前的技術(shù)的刀具現(xiàn)在就是落后的。各個不同的廠家的控制單 元使用各個不相同的程序與代碼。數(shù)控機床不會在一次加工完成后停下來計劃下一次的運動，它不會疲勞，它是不中斷的機床，機床只 有在它切削的時候才有生產(chǎn)性。 指導(dǎo)教師評語： 簽名： 年 月 日 先進的加工工藝 隨著先進科技的硬件變得復(fù)雜化，把原料加工成為有用產(chǎn)品的理想的、新的加工手段得到了普遍應(yīng)用。它的切削刀具是標準的刀具如磨床的刀具、鉆子、鉆探工具或車刀，這些刀具依賴于所使用的機床型號。在很多情況下，一個 CNC 機床完成了要建立幾臺相同傳統(tǒng)機床才能做的操作。這個加工過程的程序是吹毛求疵地獲得符合的結(jié)果。點控公司（ POINT CPNTROLL COMPANY）的 SMARTCAM 系統(tǒng)使用接下來的手段：首先設(shè)計人員使用一個金屬零件模型去加工。首先，在 CAM 中編譯已加工孔的外部輪廓，再把外部輪廓當成粗基準來加工內(nèi)孔。若不只一個 CNC 機床可以來加工這工件，制作代碼和比較在加工總時間可以表示一個機床是否比另一個機床該更有效， CAM/CAD 另一個確立刀具路徑的方法是借助計算機輔助繪圖。 數(shù)控機床刀具早期的發(fā)展 今天在機器化大生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域中千形百態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的刀具，起源于一些主要的工業(yè)國，開始很簡陋。作為一個鉆操作的機床刀具的點至點移動例子，典型的運動是快速經(jīng)過在鉆主軸下的工件，鉆空后，迅速的滑移的運動可能過每軸以連續(xù)且獨立的方式獲得。新的控制器的產(chǎn)生便使公司可通過改變程序改變了一個工件外形。 conversational input is also called userfriendly or prompted input. Later in this section examples of each of these programming formats in machining applications will be describes. CAM and CNC CAM systems have changed the job of the CNC programmer from one manually producing CNC code to one maximizing the output of CNC machines. Since CNC machine tools are made by a great number of manufacturers, many different CNC control units are in use. Control units from different manufacturers use a variety of program formats and codes. Many CNC code words are identical for different controllers, but a great number vary from one to another. To produce an identical part on CNC machine tools with different controllers such as one by FANCU, OKUMA or DYNAPATH, would require pletely different CNC codes. Each manufacturer is constantly improving and updating its CNC controllers. These improvements often include additional code words plus changes in how the existing code works. A CAM system allows the CNC programmer to concentrate on the creation of an efficient machining process, rather than relearning changed code formats. A CNC programmer looks at the print of a part and then plans the sequence of machining operations necessary to make it (Figure O3). This plan includes everything, from the selection of possible CNC machine tools, to which tooling to use, to how the part is held while machining takes place. The CNC programmer has to have a thoroughunderstanding of all the capacities and limitations of the CNC machine tools that a program is to be made for. Machine specifications such as horsepower, maximum spindle speeds, workpiece weight and size limitations, and tool changer capacity are just some of the considerations that affect programming. Another area of major importance to the programmer is the knowledge of machining processes. An example would be the selection of the surface finish requirement specified in the part print. The sequence of machining processes is critical to obtain acceptable results. Cutting tool limitations have to be considered and this requires knowledge of cutting tool materials, tool types, and application remendations. A good programmer will spend a considerable amount of time in researching the rapidly growing volume of new and improved tools and tool materials. Often the tool that was on the cutting edge of technology just two years ago is now obsolete. Information on new tools can e from catalogs or tool manufacturers39。s positionafter retraction of the drill. Of course, the rapid motion of the sideways could be achieved by each axis in a sequential and independent manner, or simultaneously. If a separate control was utilisec for each axis, the former method of table travel was less essential to avoid any backlash in the system to obtain the required degree of positional accuracy and so it was necessary that the approach direction to the next point was always the same. The earliest examples of these cheaper pointtopoint machines usually did not use recalculating ball screws。 英文原文 ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES As the hardware of an advanced technology bees more plex, new and visionary approaches to the processing of materials into useful products e into mon use. This has been the trend in machining processes in recent years.. Advanced methods of machine control as well as pletely different methods of shaping materials have permitted the mechanical designer to proceed in directions that would have been totally impossible only a few years ago. Parallel development in other technologies such as electronics and puters have made available to the machine tool designer methods and processes that can permit a machine tool to far exceed the capabilities of the most experienced machinist. In this section we will look at CNC machining using chipmaking cutting tools. CNC controllers are used to drive and control a great variety of machines and mechanisms, Some examples would be routers in wood working。它可被認為是系列但作用刀具通過計算機上控制的運輸系統(tǒng)連接起來的復(fù)合機床。 與美國機床刀具控制發(fā)展的同時， UK 中的 ALIFRED Herber 產(chǎn)生了第一臺 NC機床。機床表面不應(yīng)該被用作工作臺。也用 MACHINE DEFINE 文件表示 CNC 代碼命令。當端面磨時，切削運動通常被定義為弧。如果不只一臺機床在同時工作的話了解一臺機床的功率需求是必要的。一個 CNC程序員看著一個零件的圖紙，并且設(shè)計必要的機床操作來制造這個零件（如圖O3）。 CNC 使機床不需要復(fù)雜的夾具，這使零件很快被加工從而節(jié)約了時間。本書的這個部分僅是一般介紹而不能作為專業(yè)機床的設(shè)計手冊。舉幾個例子，如刳刨機進行木料加工；激光、離子弧、火焰切削、噴水切削鋼板；在制造和裝配中機器人的控制等。 CNC 機床不需要額外的時間和特別的預(yù)防就可生產(chǎn)高精度的嚴格公差的零件。 CAM 系統(tǒng)允許 CNC 程序員在高效的加工過程的建立上濃縮、精選、而不重新學習已改變的代碼格式。這就幫助最大提高了機床效率。如果其位置是錯的，其撤消命令選擇這一記錄，并允許你給這個工序新的值。JOBPLAN 文件運行時，表示刀具信息， GRAPHICS 文件表示刀具路徑和切削順序。 機床周圍應(yīng)該保持清潔，并且無導(dǎo)致絆倒或打滑的障礙物。在控制桌面位置，典型的機床是三軸連續(xù)曲線的機床刀具，它能產(chǎn)生