【正文】 2023 SouthWestern Tax revenue (T Q) Size of tax (T) Quantity sold (Q) Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply Quantity without tax Quantity with tax Price buyers pay Price sellers receive 稅收引起無謂損失 Copyright 169。它有助于解決一個基本經(jīng)濟問題：由自由市場決定的資源配置是以任何一種人們想要的方式進行的嗎？ ? 總剩余是衡量社會經(jīng)濟福利的指標。2023 Southwestern/Thomson Learning (a) Price = $80 Price of Album 50 70 80 0 $100 Demand 1 2 3 4 Quantity of Albums John ’ s consumer surplus ($20) 用需求曲線衡量消費者剩余 Copyright169。在 (b) 幅中，均衡價格也從 P1上升為 P2，但均衡數(shù)量從 Q1下降為 Q2。 ? 供給變動 ? 引起供給變動的因素 ? 生產(chǎn)成本的變動 ? 生產(chǎn)中相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的價格變動 ? 賣主的預(yù)期變動 ? 賣主的數(shù)量變動 1 5 Price of IceCream Cone Quantity of IceCream Cones 0 S A C $ A rise in the price of ice cream cones results in a movement along the supply curve. 供給量的變動 供給曲線的移動 Copyright169。2023 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Price of IceCream Cone Quantity of IceCream Cones 0 Increase in supply Decrease in supply Supply curve, S 3 curve, Supply S 1 Supply curve, S 2 4 市場均衡 ? 均衡 :供給與需求達到了平衡的狀態(tài) . ? 均衡價格 :使供給與需求平衡的價格 . ? 均衡數(shù)量 :當價格調(diào)整到使供給與需求平衡 時的供給量與需求量 . At $, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied! 供給與需求的均衡 Demand Schedule Supply Schedule 供給與需求的均衡 Copyright169。因此，這些事件肯定會使均衡價格上升，但均衡數(shù)量的變動方向取決于需求和供給移動的相對大小。2023 Southwestern/Thomson Learning (b) Price = $70 Price of Album 50 70 80 0 $100 Demand 1 2 3 4 Total consumer surplus ($40) Quantity of Albums John ’ s consumer surplus ($30) Paul ’ s consumer surplus ($10) ? 需求曲線以下和價格以上的面積衡量市場的消費者剩余。 ? 消費者剩余 =買者的評價 買者支付的量 ? 生產(chǎn)者剩余 =賣者得到的量 賣者的成本 ? 總剩余 =消費者剩余 +生產(chǎn)者剩余 =買者的評價 賣者的成本 ? 效率：資源配置使社會所有成員得到的總剩 余最大化的性質(zhì) 市場均衡時的總剩余 Copyright169。 2023 SouthWestern A F B D C E Quantity 0 Price Demand Supply = PB Q2 = PS Price buyers pay Price sellers receive = P1 Q1 Price without tax 稅收如何影響社會福利 ? 無謂損失與貿(mào)易的好處 Copyright 169。 2023 SouthWestern Size of tax Quantity 0 Price Price buyers pay Price sellers receive Demand Supply Price without tax Quantity without tax Quantity with tax 稅收收入 Copyright 169。2023 Southwestern/Thomson Learning Quantity (b) Producer Surplus at Price P Price 0 P1 B C Supply A Initial producer surplus Q1 P2 Q2 Producer surplus to new producers Additional producer surplus to initial producers D E F 3 市場效率 ? 消費者剩余和生產(chǎn)者剩余是研究市場中買者與賣者福利的基本工具。2023 Southw