【正文】
對中國如果 不會(huì)生產(chǎn), 可能生產(chǎn),也可能不生產(chǎn) 就會(huì)全部生產(chǎn)大米 ?WRPP?WRPP?WRPP46 圖 貿(mào)易前后的各國大米市場 O 大米產(chǎn)量 大米相對價(jià)格 PR/PW O 大米相對價(jià)格 PR/PW 大米產(chǎn)量 100 80 30 28 40 70 50 需求曲線 0 需求曲線 1 需求曲線 0 需求曲線 1 兩國總需求 供給曲線 供給曲線 1 (a)中國市場 (b)美國市場 47 價(jià)格效應(yīng) 收入效應(yīng) 48 多個(gè)國家貿(mào)易模型 NWRWRWRaaaaaa???????????????????????????. . .21 N 2 1模型 這個(gè)模型主要是利用比較優(yōu)勢理論來決定各國的生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易模式。 31 比較優(yōu)勢貿(mào)易模型 ? ① 基本假設(shè) ②比較優(yōu)勢的衡量 三種方法 ? 第一種方法: 用產(chǎn)品的相對勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率進(jìn)行衡量。 ?局限性 世界上有 192個(gè)獨(dú)立國家,有些發(fā)展中國家什么絕對優(yōu)勢都沒有,如此理論,它們就不能參與國際貿(mào)易;如果參與能否獲利?這些國家獲利的源泉在哪里? 23 第二節(jié) 比較優(yōu)勢貿(mào)易理論 Comparative Advantage Theory ?李嘉圖這個(gè)人 ?李嘉圖的貿(mào)易思想 ?比較優(yōu)勢貿(mào)易模型 24 1、 David Ricardo ?17721823 英國人,古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的集大成者。 ◆ 關(guān)于 《 國富論 》 12 ◆ 斯密的自由貿(mào)易思想 ?自由貿(mào)易和自由競爭是實(shí)現(xiàn)自由放任原則的主要內(nèi)容。 rather, it is the unintended oute of the actions of many people, each of whom is pursuing the incentives the market offers with his or her own interests in mind. 8 “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest, every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can mand. By directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was a part of his intention.” 9 Much of the discipline of economics as it has developed over two centuries consist of elaboration of ideas found in smith’s work, The idea of the “invisible hand” of market incentives that channels people’s efforts in directions that are beneficial to their neighbors remains one of the most durable of Smith’s contributions 10 11 1902年由嚴(yán)復(fù)首次翻譯為 《 原富 》 ,使其傳入中國,為介紹新思想而譯。 20 交換結(jié)果 (1:1)( 在兩國勞動(dòng)總投入不變情況下 ) 國別 大米 小麥