【正文】 在國際空間站使用120伏直流電源。 “ 效率 較高的輸入電壓在同步整流模式轉(zhuǎn)換過程中更有效率。 有幾個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)，變壓器50赫茲與500千赫。通過增加第二個(gè)電感的CUK和SEPIC整流器，或者通過增加額外的積極開關(guān)，各種橋變換器可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果需要輸出直流，糾正變壓器輸出的交流。這可能導(dǎo)致器件過熱，并導(dǎo)致電源受到損害。缺點(diǎn)包括更大的復(fù)雜性，產(chǎn)生高振幅，高頻率能量，必須加低通濾波器，以避免電磁干擾 （ EMI ）之類，和紋波電壓的開關(guān)頻率和諧波頻率不足。s however advisable to consult the manual before trying this, though most supplies are quite capable of such operation even though nothing is mentioned in the documentation. However, this type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage as it will only utilize half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This may result in overheating of these ponents, and cause them to fail prematurely.If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate as a voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 VAC) range and as a straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 VAC) range. If an input range switch is not used, then a fullwave rectifier is usually used and the downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higherpower SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may be used.Inverter stageThe inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The output voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly controlled. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low onresistance and a high currenthandling capacity. Since only the last stage has a large duty cycle, previous stages can be implemented by bipolar transistors leading to roughly the same efficiency. The second last stage needs to be of a plementary design, where one transistor charges the last MOSFET and another one discharges the MOSFET. A design using a resistor would run idle most of the time and reduce efficiency. All earlier stages do not weight into efficiency because power decreases by a factor of 10 for every stage (going backwards) and thus the earlier stages are responsible for at most 1% of the efficiency. This section refers to the block marked Chopper in the block diagram.Voltage converter and output rectifierIf the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a highfrequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose. If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are monly used. For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are monly used as the rectifier elements。這就是所謂的整流。頻率通常選擇將超過20千赫，使人們察覺不到。與肖特基二極管相比，它們可將電壓控制在較低范圍。如果有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的輸出電壓，反饋電路補(bǔ)償調(diào)整的時(shí)機(jī)與該MOSFET的是接通或關(guān)斷。在余下的部分交流周期電容器提供能源的電力供應(yīng)。2006年，在英特爾開發(fā)商論壇，谷歌工程師建議使用一個(gè)單一的12 V電源在PC ，高效率的開關(guān)模式用品直接在PCB上。術(shù)語 開關(guān)模式這個(gè)詞開始作為術(shù)語應(yīng)用還是很廣泛的，直到摩托羅拉將其注冊(cè)為商標(biāo)，將這種開關(guān)模式的電源市場(chǎng)化，并開始強(qiáng)化他們的商標(biāo)。于MD 81飛機(jī)有二百分之一百一十五交流V 400赫茲和28 V直流電源系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的3個(gè)40千伏安交流發(fā)電機(jī)。為了符合這些要求的現(xiàn)代開關(guān)模式電源供應(yīng)器通常包括一個(gè)額外的功率因數(shù)校正（ PFC ）的階段。設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)節(jié)補(bǔ)償寄生電容的變壓器或線圈。降低的降壓轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸入電壓的比率傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間與總開關(guān)期間成正比，這就是所謂的占空比。設(shè)計(jì)使用一個(gè)電阻可以運(yùn)行大部分的空閑時(shí)間，降低效率。特別控制技術(shù)可以采用下列開關(guān)電源，以迫使平均輸入電流跟蹤正弦形狀的交流輸入電壓，因此，設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)設(shè)法糾正功率因數(shù)。它的開關(guān)在一個(gè)非常高的頻率（幾十甚至幾百千赫）比交流的頻率要高，相當(dāng)于變壓器，可充當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸電源。雖然線性穩(wěn)壓保持理想的輸出電壓超過電源的耗散在通過功率晶體管的開關(guān)模式電源開關(guān)功率晶體管飽和度之間，并斷開（完全關(guān)閉），可變占空比是其平均理想的輸出電壓。這些脈沖產(chǎn)生重大的高頻能量，從而降低了功率因數(shù)。第二個(gè)最后階段需要一個(gè)相輔相成的設(shè)計(jì)，在一個(gè)晶體管后接一個(gè)相同的MOSFET和一個(gè)放電MOSFET的。這些屬于最簡單的一類單輸入，單輸出轉(zhuǎn)換器，它利用一個(gè)電感器和一個(gè)有效的開關(guān)。相反，他們依賴于持續(xù)恒定電壓和輸入變壓器或電感，并承擔(dān)的輸出將會(huì)是正弦的。最嚴(yán)格的限制（ D類）都建立了個(gè)人電腦，電腦顯示器，電視接收器。即使像戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)F 16型使用400 Hz電