【正文】 ( Exhibit 7 shows （ 圖表7顯示 one version of price segmentation as defined by a leading industry analyst.) 價(jià)格分割的一個(gè)版本定義為一個(gè)領(lǐng)先的行業(yè)分析。 by 2005 it was about 50 litres. 2005年約為50公升。s Bicentenary, a British wine 1976年5月24日，在嘩眾取寵活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起，美國的二百周年，英國酒 merchant set up a blindtasting panel to rate top wines from France and California. 商人成立了盲目品酒面板率從法國和加州的頂級(jí)葡萄酒 。, Pillsbury, and Seagram followed, and 其他經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的消費(fèi)者，如雀巢，皮爾斯伯里和西格拉姆營銷， conventional wisdom was that their sophisticated marketing techniques would finally crack the last 傳統(tǒng)的智慧，其先進(jìn)的營銷技巧終于破解 major largely unbranded consumer product. 主要主要是無品牌的消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品。 7 7 And South American grape costs were even lower, driving down the price of 和南美葡萄成本更低，壓低價(jià)格 popular premium wine in Europe to €2 a bottle, while the French vins de pays was priced above €3. 流行的高檔葡萄酒在歐洲€2一瓶，而法國的VINS DE支付價(jià)格高于€ 3。 6 6 Unconstrained by tradition, New World producers also began to experiment with grape growing 由傳統(tǒng)的約束，新世界生產(chǎn)商也開始嘗試用葡萄種植 and winemaking technology. 和釀酒技術(shù)。 In Australia, the hot 在澳大利亞，熱 climate and a dominant British heritage made beer the alcoholic beverage of preference, with wine 氣候和主導(dǎo)的英國傳統(tǒng)啤酒的酒精飲料的偏好，用酒 being consumed mostly by Old World immigrants. 被消耗，大多是由舊世界的移民 。 This was due to a belief that quality was linked to terroir , the almost mystical 這是由于到，質(zhì)量是有聯(lián)系的 沃土 ，近乎神秘的信仰 bination of soil, aspect, microclimate, rainfall, and cultivation that the French passionately 結(jié)合土壤，坡向，氣候，雨量充沛，種植，熱情的法國 believed gave the wine from each region— and indeed, each vineyard— its unique character. 相信了酒，每個(gè)地區(qū)，事實(shí)上，每個(gè)葡萄園其獨(dú)特的性格。me CRU（五分增長）。 Regulation and Classification 規(guī)例“及”分類 As the industry developed, it became increasingly important to the cultural and economic life of 隨著行業(yè)的發(fā)展，它變得越來越重要的文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的 the producing countries. 生產(chǎn)國。 By the mid19 中期 19 th 日 century, the average holding in France was 世紀(jì)，在法國的平均持股 ha. 。 We need to protect the ageold 我們需要保護(hù)的古老 European model built on traditional vineyards.” 歐洲模式建立在傳統(tǒng)的葡萄園。 In the Beginning 在開始 1 1 Grape growing and wine making have been human preoccupations at least since the times when 葡萄種植和釀酒已至少從人類的當(dāng)務(wù)之急的時(shí)候 ancient Egyptians and Greeks offered wine as tributes to dead pharaohs and tempestuous gods. 古埃及人和希臘人提供悼念死去的法老和暴風(fēng)雨神酒 。 Some small growers formed cooperatives, hoping to participate in wine making’s 一些小種植者成立合作社，希望參與葡萄酒釀造的 downstream profit, but grape growing and wine making remained highly fragmented. 下游的利潤，但葡萄種植和葡萄酒釀造仍然高度分散。 The industry39。e產(chǎn)區(qū) （AOC）的1935年的法律。 But a solution was found in an 但在一個(gè)解決方案被發(fā)現(xiàn) unexpected quarter: French vines were grafted onto phylloxeraresistant vine roots native to the 意外季度：法國葡萄樹嫁接到抗根瘤蚜藤根，原產(chǎn)于 United States and imported from the upstart Californian wine industry. 美國從暴發(fā)戶加州葡萄酒行業(yè)進(jìn)口。s Puritan heritage and espoused 但另一組反映了該國的清教徒的遺產(chǎn)和擁護(hù) temperance or abstinence. 節(jié)欲或禁欲。 Other experiments with fertilizers and pruning methods 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)與化肥和修剪方法 increased yield and improved grape flavor. 增加產(chǎn)量和提高了葡萄的味道 。s 雇用一個(gè)配藥插口，框的一個(gè)可折疊的塑料袋，在一個(gè)緊湊的紙板箱 For the exclusive use of J. BARDWELL This document is authorized for use only by Justin Bardwell in Agribusiness Capstone taught by Hinson from January 2010 to May 2010. 2010年1月至2010年5月。 (See Exhibit 2 for a representation.) In contrast, the large New World wine panies （一種表象， 見 附件 2）。 The publicity raised awareness that the New World 宣傳提高認(rèn)識(shí)，新世界 produced quality wines, to the great shock of those who dismissed their innovative approaches. 生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄酒，那些駁回了他們的創(chuàng)新方法的極大的震動(dòng)。 (See Exhibit 3 .) （見 圖表3）。 With the shift to quality, a greater fashion element began to influence demand. 隨著質(zhì)量的轉(zhuǎn)變，更多的時(shí)尚元素開始影響需求。s 葡萄酒消費(fèi)大國西班牙，阿根廷，和英國（ 圖表4和5列出了世界上 major consuming and producing nations). 主要消費(fèi)國和生產(chǎn)國）。 More immediately alarming for most traditional producers was a 更立即為最傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)者驚人是 pattern of declining demand that saw a 20% drop in worldwide consumption from 1970 to 1990, and 需求下降的格局，看到在全球消費(fèi)量從1970年至1990年下降20 ％，并 a subsequent flattening of demand. 隨后，扁平化的需求 。 And they were shocked that many of these “engineered 他們對(duì)此感到震驚，其中許多“工程 products” were sold using appellation names— Chablis, Burgundy, Champagne, and so on. 產(chǎn)品“已售出使用的稱謂名稱，夏布利，勃艮第，香檳，等等。 Several early products developed for unsophisticated palates were wildly successful—Ripple in the 古樸的口味開發(fā)的幾個(gè)早期產(chǎn)品被廣泛成功紋波 United States and Barossa Pearl in Australia, for example—but were dismissed by connoisseurs as 美國和澳大利亞巴羅莎珍珠，例如，但被駁回由鑒賞家 evidence of the New World39。”不用說，這是被禁止的做法 under AOC regulations.) New World wine makers also developed processes that allowed 根據(jù)AOC的規(guī)定。 In Australia the rate of increase 在澳大利亞的增幅 was even more rapid, from less than 2 liters in 1960 to 24 liters by 2006. 更為迅速，在1960年至2006年的24升不到2升 。 Nascent wine industries were also developing at this time in Argentina, Chile, and South Africa, 新生的葡萄酒行業(yè)在這個(gè)時(shí)候，在阿根廷，智利和南非也在發(fā)展 ， usually under the influence of immigrants from the Old World wine countries. 通常情況下，從舊世界葡萄酒國家的移民的影響。 5 5 ) ） Later, other wine regions of France were given official recognition with the classification of Vins 后來，法國其他葡萄酒產(chǎn)區(qū)，分別給予正式承認(rèn)與 VINS 分類 Delimit233。 3 3 ) ） Similar regulations prescribing winemaking practices also existed in France and Italy. 在法國和意大利也存在類似法規(guī)處方葡萄酒釀造慣例。 As a result, only the most 因此，只有最 sophisticated n233。 (1 hectare. = acres) The introduction of vineyard horses in the （1公頃= ）的葡萄園馬在引進(jìn) early 19 早19 th 日 century led to vines being planted in rows and to more efficient tending and allowed one 世紀(jì)行種植的葡萄樹和更有效的撫育，并允許一個(gè) person to work a plot of 7 hectares. 人工作了7公頃的地積。Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old 全球葡萄酒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)2009：新世界與舊 “We have the people, expertise, technology and mitment to gain global preeminence for Australian 說：“我們的人，專業(yè)知識(shí)，技術(shù)和澳大利亞獲得全球卓越的承諾 wine by 2025. 酒到2025年。 For the exclusive use of J. BARDWELL This document is authorized for use only by Justin Bardwell in Agribusiness Capstone taught by Hinson from 2 2 Wine Production 葡萄酒生產(chǎn) Tending and harvesting grapes has always been labor intensive, and one worker could typically 撫育和收獲葡萄一