【正文】 round off the debate for the affirmative.　　D、The second negative must: reaffirm the negative’s team line。英語演講與辯論是學(xué)生必須掌握的基本技能，理應(yīng)在學(xué)校教育中受到重視。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生體會演講魅力、提高演講技巧、展示演講才能,有利于他們早日掌握這門適用于各種領(lǐng)域的溝通藝術(shù).　　,學(xué)生能夠系統(tǒng)地了解英語演講的技巧,。　　.　　各章教學(xué)要求及教學(xué)要點　　第一章 Speaking And Listening　　教學(xué)要求:　　本章教學(xué)要求學(xué)生比較全面了解演講的基本理論和概念,演講中的道德準(zhǔn)則以及傾聽在言語交流中的重要性.　　教學(xué)內(nèi)容:　　一、Speaking in Public　　1. The Power of Public Speaking　　2. The Tradition of Public Speaking　　3. Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation　　4. Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation　　5. Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class　　6. Public Speaking and Critical Thinking　　7. The Speech Communication Process　　8. Public speaking in a Multicultural World　　二、Ethics and Public Speaking　　1. The Importance of Ethics　　2. Guidelines for Ethical Speaking　　3. Plagiarism　　4. Guidelines for Ethical Listening　　三、Listening　　1. Listening Is Important　　2. Listening and Critical Thinking　　3. Four Causes of Poor Listening　　4. How to Bee a Better Listener　　思考題:　　1. In what way is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?　　2. How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?　　3. How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?　　4. What are the seven elements of the speech munication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?　　第二章 Speech Preparation: Getting Started　　教學(xué)要求:　　本章教學(xué)要求學(xué)生了解在演講的準(zhǔn)備階段如何選題和立意,如何分析聽眾的特點,如何收集資料和如何規(guī)范地使用所搜集到的論據(jù)來說明自己的想法.　　教學(xué)內(nèi)容:　　Selecting a Topic and Purpose　　1. Choosing a Topic　　2. Determining the General Purpose　　3. Determining the Specific Purpose　　4. Phrasing the Central Idea　　二、Analyzing the Audience　　1. AudienceCenteredness　　2. Your Classmates as an Audience　　3. The Psychology of Audiences　　4. Demographic Audience Analysis　　5. Situational Audience Analysis　　6. Getting Information About the Audience　　7. Adapting to the Audience　　三、Gathering Materials　　1. Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience　　2. Doing Library Research　　3. Searching the Internet　　4. Interviewing　　5. Tips for Doing Research　　四、Supporting Your Ideas　　1. Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking　　2. Examples　　3. Statistics　　4. Testimony　　5. Sample Speech with Commentary　　思考題:　　1. What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?　　2. What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?　　3. What five things should you do to take research notes efficiently?　　4. Wha