【正文】 l May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewagecontaminated water.8. the principal of wound treatment after bitten by a rabid dog(被狂犬咬傷后傷口處理)? The wound should be thoroughly cleansed for half an hour, preferably with a quaternary ammonium detergent(季胺類消毒液) or 20% soap (which can not be mixed together)。C increase in temperature in adults. It is usually seen in typhoid fever, acute schistosomiasis, severe jaundice, et al.27. herxheimer reaction(赫氏反應(yīng)): It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly antibiotics) to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition.28. hemolytic urinemic syndrome /black urine fever: A serious, often fatal plication of malaria, characterized by an acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria and hemolytic jaundice. It is often provoked by antimalarial drugs.29. ectopic lesion(異位損害): the schistosome eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain.30. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected.31. Widal’s test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever。l Rapidly increased ascites6. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis？l Clinical symptoms: Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks. Skin itch is usually more severe at night. Rashes can occur on the neck, chest, back, and wrists. Stool color bees lighter and urine color bees darker. Although there can be many symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill. l Laboratory tests: Direct bilirubin in the serum elevated and its proportion is more than 60% of the total bilirubin. Serum bined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5 nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT elevation is moderate. l BUltrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction. 7. mon / main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis？l Malaise, anorexia, fever, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly。 ⑹drug sensitivity test is very necessary. 10. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis? ①specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin。l Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics.l Carrier state: It is a very important source of infection。l Hepatorenal syndrome。 ④ if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated。l Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease。l Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host. 3. the prerequisite of an epidemic of a municable disease?(傳染病流行的必要條件) Three prerequisite are required for a municable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease, ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of transmission.4. the basic characteristic of municable disease（傳染病的基本特征）? The main difference between municable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All municable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused