【正文】 intellectual production39。從產(chǎn)品的使用階段考慮：使用中的能耗、資源消耗。它是社會進步，經(jīng)濟增長，環(huán)境保護三者之間的協(xié)同。臭氧層破壞現(xiàn)象引起科學界及整個國際社會的震動。打印也可編制成冊，作為藝術(shù)家的書籍。這項安排的類型是選擇字體、大小、線長、主要的（行距）和文字的間距。平面設計是應用在娛樂行業(yè)的裝飾，景觀和視覺故事。移居國外的德國包豪斯設計學院于1937年到芝加哥帶來了“大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”極簡到美國。他組織了大型的展覽作為慶?，F(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)和維多利亞式的設計。采用多種方式相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造和符號，圖像和語句創(chuàng)建一個代表性的想法和信息。蒙德里安稱為父親的圖形設計。他們首創(chuàng)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和文體設備，主要用于整個二十世紀。這些出版物已布局理論設計說明和圖表。平面設計原則可以適用于每一個人的版畫藝術(shù)元素，并最終組成。石料，用于光刻。溫室效應的后果十分嚴重，自然生態(tài)將隨之發(fā)生重大變化，荒漠將擴大，土地侵蝕加重，森林退向極地，旱澇災害嚴重，雨量增加；溫帶冬天更濕、夏天更旱；熱帶也將變得更濕，干熱的亞熱帶變得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新調(diào)整。“可持續(xù)發(fā)展設計”這一概念的提出，對于人性的回歸及世界真正意義上的發(fā)展具有劃時代的意義。從材料方面要考慮：原材料的存量和可再生性，獲取材料時的環(huán)境能源的消耗與污染，后續(xù)加工時環(huán)境材料的易加工性，低能耗性、低污染性，報廢時的可回收性。GRAPHIC DESIGNThe term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual munication and presentation. Various methods are used to create and bine symbols, images and/or words to create a visual representation of ideas and messages. A graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce the final result. Graphic design often refers to both the process by which the munication is created and the products which are generated.Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements, product packaging and web design. For example, a product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most important features of graphic design especially when using preexisting materials or diverse elements.Graphic Design spans the history of humankind from the caves of Lascaux to the dazzling neons of Ginza. In both this lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual munication in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction and overlapping of advertising art, graphic design and fine art. After all, they share many of the same elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising art the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, “the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression and feeling to artifacts that document human experience.”During the Tang dynasty (618–906) between the 4th and 7th century . wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book.In late 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to separate graphic design from fine art. Piet Mondrian is known as the father of graphic design. He was a fine artist, but his use of grids inspired the modern grid system used today in advertising, print and web layout.In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.From 1892 to 1896 William Morris39。 Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while being one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate