【正文】 Tilly and Sage, 1970). A plimentary approach to erosional damage mitigation is that of the operational control that sets limits on the production velocities of particle laden production fluids. Much effort has been focused on that very determination by many researchers for many years. The American Petroleum Institute (API) released in 1975 the API RP 14E document that provided guidance on the permissible velocity of production fluids that are solid free and noncorrosive so as to avoid erosion damages。回首既往，自己一生最寶貴的時(shí)光能于這樣的校園之中，能在眾多學(xué)富五車、才華橫溢的老師們的熏陶下度過，實(shí)是榮幸之極。、繪制壓強(qiáng)圖。點(diǎn)擊Iterate，開始迭代，出現(xiàn)殘差圖。在Zone下拉列表中選取out,在Type下拉列表中選取outflow,。 Solve對(duì)話框保留默認(rèn)設(shè)置，點(diǎn)擊 OK .選擇湍流模型。確定其他需要的模型，如：風(fēng)扇、熱交換器、多孔介質(zhì)等模型。靈活的非結(jié)構(gòu)化網(wǎng)格和基于解的自適應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及成熟的物理模型，使FLUENT在轉(zhuǎn)換與湍流、傳熱與相變、化學(xué)反應(yīng)與燃燒、多相流、旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械、動(dòng)/變形網(wǎng)格、噪聲、材料加工、燃料電池等方面有廣泛應(yīng)用。鼠標(biāo)右擊Volume中的，選擇，彈出Unite Real Volumes對(duì)話框，.點(diǎn)擊Apply,。 ，.點(diǎn)擊Appiy.平移后，、在圓環(huán)和小圓盤上建矩形柵欄切面 步驟為：=0的圓面上新建兩個(gè)長13mm，寬3mm的矩形。并利用軟件進(jìn)行建模的過程。此外，還要加上某些聯(lián)系流動(dòng)參量的關(guān)系式（例如狀態(tài)方程），或者其他方程。、軟件總體介紹、CFD的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 計(jì)算流體力學(xué)和相關(guān)的計(jì)算傳熱學(xué)，計(jì)算燃燒學(xué)的原理是用數(shù)值方法求解非線性聯(lián)立的質(zhì)量、能量、組分、動(dòng)量和自定義的標(biāo)量的微分方程組，求解結(jié)果能預(yù)報(bào)流動(dòng)、傳熱、傳質(zhì)、燃燒等過程的細(xì)節(jié)，并成為過程裝置優(yōu)化和放大定量設(shè)計(jì)的有力工具。 、減壓節(jié)水裝置的設(shè)計(jì)原理根據(jù)有壓管道消能原理。 5讀入之前保存的Case和Data文件。嚴(yán)峻的水資源問題一直是我國可持續(xù)發(fā)展中一個(gè)不能回避的難點(diǎn)，水資源短缺已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響了我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)和諧，成了我國無法回避的世紀(jì)挑戰(zhàn)。第2章 CFD（計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué)）概述：本章主要介紹CFD，軟件(Computational Fluid Dynamics），即計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué), 簡稱CFD。理論分析的步驟大致如下：、建立“力學(xué)模型”一般做法是：針對(duì)實(shí)際流體的力學(xué)問題，分析其中的各種矛盾并抓住主要方面，對(duì)問題進(jìn)行簡化而建立反映問題本質(zhì)的“力學(xué)模型”。、發(fā)展前景從阿基米德到現(xiàn)在的二千多年，特別是從20世紀(jì)以來，流體力學(xué)已發(fā)展成為基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)體系的一部分，同時(shí)又在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸、天文學(xué)、地學(xué)、生物學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)等方面得到廣泛應(yīng)用。鼠標(biāo)左擊，打開Move/Copy Volumes 對(duì)話框，,。點(diǎn)擊Alppy, 一條柵欄連接、復(fù)制剩余的5個(gè)柵欄。它具有豐富的物理模型、先進(jìn)的數(shù)值方法和強(qiáng)大的前后處理功能。、依次點(diǎn)擊 Grid—Smooth/Swap，打開Smooth/Swap Gird對(duì)話框。 Boundary Conditions對(duì)話框點(diǎn)擊Set。、迭代計(jì)算。 IsoSurface對(duì)話框取Z=。 Adam. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell modeling and simulation using Ansys Fluent[D]. Arizona State .[18] Sweeten。 the function of theta ( θ ) is an angle term that demonstrates the sensitivity of erosion to the incidence angle of an impinging jet. The angle factor is usually dealt with by laboratory testing. A material under study should be impinged at various angles to establish maximum sensitivity. Thus, solid particle erosion models need to include the factors in the preceding equation. As shown in Eq. , particle impact velocity is probably the most important factor for erosion. The effect of particle velocity can easily overshadow the changes in 10 the other factors. Lindsley and Marder (1999) reported that the empirical constant n is independent of target material and erosion mechanism but governed by test conditions such as particle characteristics and erosion test apparatus. According to their work, erosion resulting from the brittle cracking mechanism and plastic deformation mechanism showed the exponent n to be for both cases even though the erosion mechanisms are pletely different. Finnie and McFadden (1978) examined the effect of particle velocity on erosion and found that the exponent n should increase with impact angle for a given range of velocities. He also pared the value of n from other literature and said n ranges from to depending on test conditions. Particle impact angle is another important factor for erosion. Finnie (1972) derived the angle function from the equation of motion for a rigid abrasive particle striking a ductile surface. For aluminum alloys, the model shows the maximum erosion occurs at 13 degrees and decreases to zero at 0 and 90 degrees. This angle function is in good agreement with experimental data except for high impact angles. As a reason for the discrepancy between measurements and the model, Finnie states that the erosion mechanism at high angles is very different from the one at low angles. At low angles, erosion is mostly due to the cutting mechanism while at high angles, it is due to the surface roughening and low cycle fatigue fracture. Figure shows the function f ( θ) for typical ductile and brittle materials. Particle properties also greatly affect the erosion of ductile material. For example, differences in angularity of particle shape can cause different erosion mechanisms which yield different erosion rates. Winter and Hutchings (1974) studied the effect of particle orientation at the impact surface. Erosion measurements on mild steel and lead were performed using flatfaced angular particles. They described the different erosion mechanisms based on the angularity of abrasives by the angle between the perpendicular to the surface and the leading edge of particle. It is found that cutting is favored when the rake angle is positive or small negative values. At large negative rake angles, ploughing rather than cutting occurs. Since spherical particles always have negative rake angles at impact, ploughing is the only possible deformation. Because most of the abrasives are both round and angular, the deformation can be either cutting or ploughing. Particle size also influences erosion of ductile material as much as its shape. Many investigators support the idea that particle size influences erosion rates for smaller 12 sizes。 fluid properties and rate。老師的諄諄誘導(dǎo)、同學(xué)的出謀劃策及家長的支持鼓勵(lì)，是我堅(jiān)持完成論文的動(dòng)力源泉。壓強(qiáng)圖如下。、FLUENT數(shù)據(jù)處理。 求解器模型的選擇。其局部網(wǎng)格重生式是FLUENT所獨(dú)有的，而且用途廣泛，可用于非結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)格、變形較大問題以及物體運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律事先不知道而完全由流動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的力所決定的問題； 網(wǎng)格支持能力，支持界面不連續(xù)的網(wǎng)格、混合網(wǎng)格、動(dòng)/變形網(wǎng)格以及滑動(dòng)網(wǎng)格等。33 Examine Mesh對(duì)話框（出口70mm）31 Examine Mesh對(duì)話框（出口90mm）在Display Type 中選擇Range,在 Quality Type菜單中選擇Equia Angle Skew,從綠色垂直條形碼中點(diǎn)擊一條來觀察各個(gè)元素在確定的質(zhì)量范圍內(nèi)，移動(dòng)Upper 和 Lower滑塊來重新定義質(zhì)量網(wǎng)格范圍。, 矩形face13平移設(shè)置點(diǎn)擊Apply,，,矩形柵欄切面平移,矩形柵欄切面平移,矩形face13在圓柱上的投影,矩形face13在圓柱上的投影、點(diǎn)成線。GAMBIT GUI簡單而又直接的做出建立模型、網(wǎng)格化模型、指定模型區(qū)域大小等基本步驟，然而這對(duì)很多的模型應(yīng)用已是足夠了。整個(gè)流動(dòng)問題的數(shù)學(xué)模式就是建立起封閉的、流動(dòng)參量必須滿足的方程組，并給出恰當(dāng)?shù)倪吔鐥l件和初始條件。R 等諸多工程領(lǐng)域,板翅式熱換器設(shè)計(jì)是CFD 技術(shù)應(yīng)用的重要領(lǐng)域之一。當(dāng)主管道中的水流過此裝置時(shí)，內(nèi)外套筒裝置上底面的圓形板狀體使過流面積突然減小，起到了消能作用；在水流通過內(nèi)外套筒柵格狀側(cè)邊壁時(shí)，突然擴(kuò)大形狀的內(nèi)外套筒側(cè)邊壁又使過流面積增大，起到了減壓節(jié)水的作用。 5繪制壓強(qiáng)圖。我國是一個(gè)缺水嚴(yán)重的國家。若能成批量生產(chǎn)，前景廣闊。、CFD的處