【正文】 也就是說，當(dāng)年維拉范利斯—維爾關(guān)于各國間存在消費(fèi)偏好“逆轉(zhuǎn)”的推論——“資本要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家對(duì)資本密集型商品有超強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)偏好；勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家對(duì)勞動(dòng)密集型商品有超強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)偏好”——是有一定道理的。于是，就出現(xiàn)了“資本要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家出口勞動(dòng)密集型商品用以進(jìn)口資本密集型商品”，或者“勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家出口資本密集型商品用以支付勞動(dòng)密集型商品的進(jìn)口”這樣看起來極不合理的“反常”現(xiàn)象。為了避開貿(mào)易壁壘,接近消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)和減少運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用,廠商便要發(fā) 展對(duì)外直接投資,在國外建立分公司,轉(zhuǎn)讓成熟技術(shù)。弗農(nóng)(Raymond Vernon)雷蒙德?弗農(nóng)(Raymond Vernon)：美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，二戰(zhàn)以后國際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系研究方面最多產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家之一， 產(chǎn)品生命周期理論的提出者 [編輯]雷蒙德?弗農(nóng)簡(jiǎn)介 　　雷蒙德s views and remended the repeal of the Bank Restriction Act.In 1814, at the age of 42, Ricardo retired from business and took up residence at Gatbe Park in Gloucestershire, where he had extensive landholdings. In 1819 he became MP for Portarlington. He did not speak often but his freetrade views were received with respect, although they opposed the economic thinking of the day. Parliament was made up of landowners who wished to maintain the Corn Laws to protect their profits.Ricardo made friends with a number of eminent men, among whom were the philosopher and economist James Mill, the Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham and Thomas Malthus, best known for his pamphlet, Principles of Population published in 1798. Ricardo accepted Malthus39。隨著國際市場(chǎng)需求量的日益擴(kuò)大，產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格彈性加大,降低產(chǎn)品成本尤為迫切。 　　按照維拉范利斯—維爾的推論，一旦資本要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家的消費(fèi)者對(duì)資本密集型商品有超強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)偏好，或勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家的消費(fèi)者對(duì)勞動(dòng)密集型商品有超強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)偏好，這樣一種消費(fèi)偏好的“逆轉(zhuǎn)”就及有可能導(dǎo)致資本要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家的國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上資本密集型商品的供給相對(duì)不足，或者導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)要素相對(duì)豐裕的國家的國內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上勞動(dòng)密集型商品的供給相對(duì)不足。 在現(xiàn)實(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中，結(jié)合“林德命題”來考察消費(fèi)偏好“逆轉(zhuǎn)”說，可以看到，消費(fèi)偏好與消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)國際貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)和商品流向發(fā)生影響的痕跡是比較明顯的。 　　權(quán)重表示在評(píng)價(jià)過程中，是被評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的不同側(cè)面的重要程度的定量分配，對(duì)各評(píng)價(jià)因子在總體評(píng)價(jià)中的作用進(jìn)行區(qū)別對(duì)待。 　　盡管如此，當(dāng)時(shí)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論界一般不贊成用消費(fèi)偏好“逆轉(zhuǎn)”說來解釋里昂惕夫之謎。生產(chǎn)的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)已轉(zhuǎn)移到技術(shù)水平低,工資低和勞動(dòng)密集型經(jīng)濟(jì) 模式的地區(qū)。從1959年開始,他在哈佛大學(xué)任教，是克拉維斯 Ricardo then converted to Christianity, being a Unitarian. This caused a breach with his father and meant that Ricardo had to establish his own business. He continued as a member of the stock exchange, where his ability won him the support of an eminent banking house. He did so well that in a few years he acquired a fortune. Thi