【正文】 it should be a portable and low power consumption node. So the mobile node we designed is only as small as a mobile phone, and it is by builtin lithium ion battery power supply. In power loss, the core processor CC2530 is a low power consumption chip, when it is in the sleep mode, it only need to use less then 1uA work current. In order to reduce power consumption as much as possible on the display, a 100*32 pixel matrix with no backlighting LCD screen was used. The battery’s capacity of the mobile node is 1500mAh, so it is enough to meet the miner’s long hour works in the underground. The battery charge management chip is TP4057, the maximum charge current can up to 500Ma.The mobile node circuit includes the gas concentration sensor and temperature sensor PT1000. As far as we know, many wireless sensor platforms use the digital type sensor. The munication between the digital sensor and the MCU need strict timing requirements. But considering the actual application, the wireless MCU usually has a realtime operating system in general, if we use the microputer to simulate the strict timing, it will affect the realtime of whole operating system. These two sensors output analog signals not digital signals. Only input this signal into a differential amplifier, can we get an appropriate signal that can be converted to a digital signal by an ADC mode within the CC2530 chip. In order to facilitate the carrying, external antenna was not used in our mobile node, instead of using a patch antenna. And we customize a shell like a cell phone size?？偨Y(jié)Zigbee無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)是基于Zigbee協(xié)議的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，是Zigbee協(xié)議與傳感技術(shù)的結(jié)合，是應(yīng)用性非常強(qiáng)的技術(shù)，它具有耗資小、安裝方便、維護(hù)和更新費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)勢，非常適合于對布線困難、人員不能到達(dá)的區(qū)域和一些臨時場合的狀況進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控，如大型建筑的健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)控、空間探索、災(zāi)害預(yù)測等，它在當(dāng)前我國環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)中有著巨大的應(yīng)用潛力的。測試結(jié)果：采樣正常，數(shù)據(jù)可靠。每個不同類型的傳感器構(gòu)成一個單獨(dú)的節(jié)點(diǎn)，液晶顯示當(dāng)前環(huán)境下溫度(℃)、濕度(％RH)和煙霧強(qiáng)弱。為更好利用傳感器的性能，需要調(diào)節(jié)可調(diào)電阻Rp恰當(dāng)?shù)腞L值。 家居環(huán)境參數(shù)采集模塊 數(shù)字溫濕度傳感器DHT11DHT11數(shù)字溫濕度傳感器是一款含有已校準(zhǔn)數(shù)字信號輸出的溫濕度復(fù)合傳感器。微處理器和無線通信模塊采用支持Zigbee協(xié)議，大大簡化了射頻電路的設(shè)計(jì)。而在本系統(tǒng)中，通過濕度傳感器對濕度信息的采集，再經(jīng)由PC的處理后，對加濕器進(jìn)行控制，即可達(dá)到科學(xué)明了地控制室內(nèi)的濕度。Zigbee設(shè)備對象的主要功能如下：(1)初始化網(wǎng)絡(luò)層、應(yīng)用支持子層和安全服務(wù)層；(2)發(fā)起或響應(yīng)綁定請求；(3)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)部發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)備，并且確定為此發(fā)現(xiàn)的設(shè)備提供的應(yīng)用服務(wù)種類；(4)定義設(shè)備在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的各種角色，如，終端設(shè)備、路由器或協(xié)調(diào)器；(5)從終端的應(yīng)用來收集各個配置信息來確定和執(zhí)行發(fā)現(xiàn)管理、網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理、安全管理和綁定管理等；(6)在網(wǎng)內(nèi)各個設(shè)備之間建立起安全又可靠的關(guān)系。Zigbee應(yīng)用層有三個不同的部分分別是：應(yīng)用支持 (Application Support Sub1ayer，簡稱APS)子層、Zigbee設(shè)備對象 (Zigbee Device Object，簡稱ZDO)和制造商定義的應(yīng)用對象。網(wǎng)絡(luò)層管理實(shí)體則是利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)層數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)體完成一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的管理工作，并且網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息庫(NIB)理是網(wǎng)絡(luò)層管理實(shí)體完成的。它的超低功耗也使得在應(yīng)用中兩節(jié)普通AAA干電池即可使用6個月至2年的時間，這也是Zigbee的最大的一個優(yōu)勢；(4)網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量大。Zigbee的名字主要來源于蜜蜂通過跳ZigZag形狀的舞蹈來傳遞所發(fā)現(xiàn)的食物的位置、距離和方向等信息，一只一只的傳遞下去，此種技術(shù)與蜜蜂的這種通信方式相類似。確定了使用頻段，最高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速度達(dá) ，和紅外技術(shù)相比，藍(lán)牙有著較高的傳輸速率，而且不需要像紅外線那樣進(jìn)行口對口的連接才能傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，所有的藍(lán)牙終端基本上只要在有效的范圍內(nèi)使用，就隨時可以進(jìn)行連接收發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)。(3)系統(tǒng)可擴(kuò)展性差。 智能家居環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)無線環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)擁有全面、可靠的環(huán)境信息采集分析能力。在這個系統(tǒng)中，人們可以獲得實(shí)時的居住環(huán)境信息，如溫度和濕度、各種有害氣體的濃度、光照強(qiáng)度、火災(zāi)信息等。(1)系統(tǒng)布線麻煩。這個訪問節(jié)點(diǎn)通過無線信號將信息傳到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，一般覆蓋到200米以內(nèi)。受蜜蜂的這種特殊的通信方式的啟發(fā)，Zigbee技術(shù)的研究也主要是在低速率、低功耗通信領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行應(yīng)用，亦可以低成本地嵌入各種設(shè)備中組成龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。其設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)自己組織性能使網(wǎng)絡(luò)各個節(jié)點(diǎn)在無需人工干預(yù)的情況下自己組網(wǎng)并實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)娜蝿?wù)，當(dāng)添加或去除網(wǎng)絡(luò)中某個節(jié)點(diǎn)時，其余節(jié)點(diǎn)可以自行尋找其他節(jié)點(diǎn)替代中轉(zhuǎn)信息，具有較強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自愈能力；(2)成本低。 Zigbee協(xié)議分析 網(wǎng)絡(luò)層(NWK)Zigbee網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的主要功能就是確保Zigbee的MAC層(IEEE )正常工作，同時定義了一些必須的函數(shù)，并且為應(yīng)用層提供適合的服務(wù)接口。(6)路由發(fā)現(xiàn)：具有發(fā)現(xiàn)并且記錄傳送信息的網(wǎng)絡(luò)路由的能力。ZDO描述了應(yīng)用框架層的應(yīng)用對象的網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能和應(yīng)用對象的公用接口用以控制設(shè)備。家庭中的每個房間可以多放幾個這樣的類似節(jié)點(diǎn)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)在同一個房間進(jìn)行多點(diǎn)的溫度信息采集，以提高溫度測量的準(zhǔn)確度。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的需要，傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)具備以下功能。運(yùn)行模式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換時間短進(jìn)一步確保了低能源消耗。VC 則是用于測定與傳感器串聯(lián)的負(fù)載電阻(RL)上的電壓(VRL)。液晶顯示接線如下圖410所示。長時間運(yùn)行程序并檢查芯片工作情況與工作狀態(tài)(溫度、電壓等)。 展望在本次設(shè)計(jì)中，盡管達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)的要求，但系統(tǒng)比較簡單，可移植性差，在外部環(huán)境復(fù)雜的實(shí)際生活中實(shí)用性不大。 they are using Zigbee protocol for wireless transmission of data. Because the fixed node is also using wireless data transmission method, so it39。s life. Currently most widely used orientation method is GPS satellite positioning, it is a high precision, allweather and global multifunctional system with the function of radio navigation, positioning and timing. But the GPS positioning method is not suitable for the underground work environment of coal mine, once you enter the underground, it cannot receive satellite signal, thus unable to achieve targeting. We need to consider how to use wireless network to realize positioning function, means using wireless signal between the munications of devices for positioning. The existing distance measuring technology between the wirelessdevices basically is the following kinds of methods: TOA, TDOA, AOA and RSSI. About the TOA method, the distance between the two devices is determined by the product of the speed of light and transmission time. Although the precision of this method is accurate, but it require a precise time synchronization, so it demand hardware is higher.TDOA technology need ultrasonic signal，which is setting on a node with receive and transmit function. When measure the distance, it can sent ultrasonic wave and wireless signals together. By measuring the difference between two signals arrival time, we can calculate the distance between two devices. Using this method can also obtain accurate result, but the method need to increase ultrasonic sending and receiving device on the node circuit, it will increase cost.AOA technology needs to install multiple antennas through the nodes so it can obtain adjacent nodes’ signals on deferent directions. With this it can determine the location information from number of adjacent nodes and calculate its own position. This method not only need to add additional hardware, but also it39。本設(shè)計(jì)采用了Zigbee技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的搭建。(3)人界操作界面程序測試：多次重復(fù)操作按鍵菜單，設(shè)置各個系統(tǒng)參數(shù)，查看程序是否跑死，分析是否有bug。Zigbee無線通訊協(xié)議程序流程圖如圖51所示。 圖45 煙霧傳感器電路圖圖46 報警電路圖 CC2530通訊CC2530具有一個IEEE 。因此該產(chǎn)品具有品質(zhì)卓越、超快響應(yīng)、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、性價比極高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。溫度傳感器DHT11煙霧傳感器5V電源LCD 128*64 CC2530上位機(jī)圖41 硬件系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框圖 系統(tǒng)電源電路電源管理是對電源電壓調(diào)節(jié)和分配，為其他各模塊提供可靠和正常工作的電壓。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)檢測到煙霧濃度大于用戶設(shè)定是初值時，PC會立即發(fā)送報警信號到報警裝置或者是家庭成員的手機(jī)或直接報警，PC在啟動報警裝置的同時，或可以自動控制開窗，以達(dá)到室內(nèi)空氣流通的效果，保證家庭成員的安全。其中，傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)通過無線技 術(shù)與協(xié)調(diào)器進(jìn)行信息的交換；協(xié)調(diào)器則通過串口 進(jìn)行相連通信。(1)APSME通過APSME服務(wù)接入點(diǎn)(APSMESAP)；(2)APSDE通過APSDE服務(wù)接入點(diǎn)(APSDESAP)。(2)生成網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)單元(NPDU)：通過增加一個適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)議頭，網(wǎng)絡(luò)層數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)體從應(yīng)用支持層協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)單元中生成網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)單元。歐洲使用868MHz，美國則使用915MHz頻段，但這些均是免申請頻段，可以直接使用；