【正文】 Coxell et al 1999。 Turner, 2020) ? 2 out of 3 sexual assaults go unreported to authorities (BJS, 1998) ? 70% of victims report sexual assaults to trusted friends or loved ones (as opposed to 6% who report to police) (Harned, 2020) Studies documenting the benefit of general assessment. ? Though no parative studies were found regarding sexual violence… ? In a pediatric setting, when a physician began actively asking all parents to fill out a questionnaire regarding child abuse, reports increased 1500% in just 1 year (Sisk, 2020) Defining sexual violence “What is sexual violence?” ? Reprehensible Joking, harassing, lying to or pressuring a person into engaging in sexual forum or behaviors after the person expressed objection ? Prosecutable Any sexually motivated act that involve a person who is unwilling or unable to consent due to intoxication, covert drugging, state of awareness, age/maturity or physical force Levels of sexual violence ? There are many dimensions to consider: – Level of contact – Relation to the victim – Prior history of criminal activity – Legal offense description – Strategy of offense – Motives – Comorbidity with other disorders ? Think about how these would infer different treatment implications Sexual violence and mental health ? Possible connections between sexual violence and mental illness: (1) a disorder may decrease the person’s ability to decipher social cues (. autism) (2) sexual violence may be a marker for a disorder (. antisocial personality disorder) (3) a disorder can drive the offensive behavior (. delusional states) (Chesire, 2020) Methods of assessment Assessment purposes ? Ensuring current victim, providers, and offender safety ? Detecting acts of sexual violence ? Judging the likelihood of reoffense ? Exploring treatment effectiveness 4 assessment tools ? Selfreport questionnaires ? Guided clinical interviews ? Unstructured clinical interviews ? Physiological response tests *Note: The assessments that will be discussed focus on evaluation of offenders. Selfreport questionnaires ? Description: Paper or puter based questions that ask for selfreport on personal behavior or attitudes. ? Sample item: Please indicate your stance on a scale of 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly)… “A woman in a short skirt is asking for it” (Burt, 1980) ? Benefits: The same for all, costeffective, quick, can be scientifically validated and ‘normed’. ? Drawbacks: Educational/reading level required, ‘lying’, only selfreport (no family/friends feelings about the respondent), lack of clinical judgment Key term description ? ‘Norm’ – 1,000s of sex offenders respond to a series of items. Their responses are analyzed to determine if there are mon underlying characteristics of their answering styles. These answering patterns are called ‘norms’ which are described in mathematical statements giving ‘weight’ to the strongest factors. – New respondent’s answers are statistically pared to the offenders patterned ‘norms’ to test for similarity. – Highly similar answers suggest further assessment is necessary and the probability of offense may be likely Structured clinical interviews ? Description: A manual that trained clinicians use to loosely guide the areas that should be addressed in a forensic interview. Use requires specified training ? Sample item: A general topic with suggested questions. ? Benefits: Based on actuarial ‘norms’ while allowing clinician to use some clinical judgment and to tailor the language to the respondent ? Drawbacks: Costly, restricted to use by trained forensic professionals, not a perfect predictor of future behavior, not perfectly similar for all respondents Unstructured clinical interviews ? Description: A freeflowing conversational interview guided solely by clinical judgment ? Benefits: Very tailored to each client, mon to most health appointment