【正文】 s purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into general and special provisions and Supplementary Provisions Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of 19 the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party anizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary pliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half。 two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the 9 authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue。此時(shí)此刻，學(xué)生會(huì)感到，學(xué)習(xí)不是一種異已的外在控 制力，而是一種發(fā)自內(nèi)在的精神解放。再比如：一年級(jí)上冊(cè)，教材利用農(nóng)村地區(qū)小朋友幫大人摘絲瓜、運(yùn)南瓜的生活場(chǎng)景，讓學(xué)生通過仔細(xì)、有序的觀察，用自己的語言描述實(shí)際的“動(dòng)作過程”，聯(lián)系過程來構(gòu)建連加、連減的概念，認(rèn)識(shí)算式的意義，這樣就把抽象的運(yùn)算意義變成了學(xué)生看得見、摸得著、理解得了的數(shù)學(xué)事實(shí)了。估算可以發(fā)展學(xué)生對(duì)數(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí)，并對(duì)數(shù)感的培養(yǎng)具有重要的意義。其實(shí)，認(rèn)定“到底哪種方法最好”在這里已無太大價(jià)值，因?yàn)椴煌膶W(xué)生有著不同的認(rèn)知水平和思維能力，但學(xué)生通過對(duì)各種解法所進(jìn)行的互動(dòng)交流、討論比較，經(jīng)歷了對(duì)各種算法的再認(rèn)識(shí)過程，而這個(gè)過程恰是最有價(jià)值的，有利于構(gòu)建起學(xué)生優(yōu)化的思維方法，有利于激活學(xué)生自主探究的熱情，有利于學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)與人合作、交流，也有利于增進(jìn)他們學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的情趣，從而提高數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算的能力 。可見，學(xué)生素養(yǎng)的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志是學(xué)生提出問題、分析問題和解決問題的能力。幼兒如果沒有一點(diǎn)數(shù)的知識(shí)，就會(huì)連自己有幾只手，有幾件玩具、家里有幾口人，這些簡單的問題也弄不清楚。 計(jì)算的學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)生思維能力發(fā)展的作用。如何把這理念轉(zhuǎn)化為課堂教學(xué)行為，是我們廣大一線教師所面臨的問題。 數(shù)與計(jì)算是人們生活、學(xué)習(xí)、科學(xué)研究和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中應(yīng)用最廣泛的一種數(shù)學(xué)方法。學(xué)生把這些概念、性質(zhì)、法則、公式應(yīng)用到實(shí)際中去，還要經(jīng)過由一般到特殊的演繹過程。 由此可見，數(shù)與計(jì)算將伴隨人的一生。隨著新課程改革的實(shí)施，要求數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)應(yīng)該密切聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際。通過比較，學(xué)生很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)上衣和褲子的單價(jià)正好可以湊成整十、整百時(shí)，把它們 先合起來再乘顯得簡便。運(yùn)用這些規(guī)律，就可以估算運(yùn)算結(jié)果，從而判斷一些運(yùn)算結(jié)果的合理性和準(zhǔn)確性。再比如：學(xué)習(xí)了多位數(shù)加減法以后，可以讓學(xué)生利用所學(xué)知識(shí)來統(tǒng)計(jì)家里每月的開支情況，幫助父母理財(cái)?shù)取? rule around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party anizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process。s solemn mitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the code , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered selfdiscipline norms, etc. Part 3 members lowcost clean and selfdiscipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of selfdiscipline, The higher request for 6 and 15 supervised te, the foothold in permanent Bao the party39。s Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people39。s basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the anization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised Regulations adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party anizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party39。s 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party39。小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)書上大量的是數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算的教學(xué)，應(yīng)該讓計(jì)算教學(xué)充滿活力，展現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)的魅力。另外，估算對(duì)學(xué)生智力活動(dòng)還具有一定的定向性作用，它可以根據(jù)具體條件及有關(guān)知識(shí)，對(duì)事物數(shù)量或算式的結(jié)果迅速作出大概的推斷或估計(jì)，既可以考查計(jì)算是否合理正確，又可用于檢驗(yàn)或作出決定，是計(jì)算能力中不可缺少的組成部分。讓學(xué)生從小就知道一切事物均有特殊與一般的情況，需要具體分析。要鼓勵(lì) 3 學(xué)生用自己喜歡的、熟悉的思維方法去解決問題，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生從多樣化算法的討論 中吸納別人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，把他人的思維精華納入到自己的認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域，以提高和發(fā)展自己。 解決問題的能力是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)素養(yǎng)的重要標(biāo)致。如整數(shù)與分?jǐn)?shù)、約數(shù)與倍數(shù)，加與減、乘與除、通分與約分等等。從抽象的觀點(diǎn)來看，客觀世界的表現(xiàn)形式可以概括為：數(shù)量、空間和時(shí)間及其相互之間的關(guān)系。 1 實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算教學(xué)與解決問題的有效結(jié)合 三門縣實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué) 王小龍 摘要 ： 長期以來，計(jì)算教學(xué)由于過分注重系統(tǒng)知識(shí)的傳授，常常與繁瑣、單調(diào)、枯燥聯(lián)系在一起，被視為純技能性的訓(xùn)練，與學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際相距甚遠(yuǎn)，讓學(xué)生望而生畏，望而生厭。 數(shù)與計(jì)算是人們認(rèn)識(shí)客觀世界和周圍事物的重要工具之一。而數(shù)與計(jì)算中又有很多相互依存、對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的概念和計(jì)算方法。小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)把培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的解決問題的能力作為重要任務(wù)，在基礎(chǔ)教育課程改革的背景下，更應(yīng)當(dāng)重視解決問題的作用與價(jià)值。“提倡算法多樣化” ，實(shí)質(zhì)上是尊重學(xué)生個(gè)性化的發(fā)展，提倡個(gè)性化的學(xué)習(xí)。讓學(xué)生接觸到生活中的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算問題，當(dāng)計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)比較特殊，能夠采用簡便算法 時(shí)，就靈活地選擇簡便方法。 4 因此，提高小學(xué)生的估算能力，使他們盡早適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)和生活實(shí)際的需要。數(shù)學(xué)那豐富的內(nèi)涵、數(shù)學(xué)思想、數(shù)學(xué)的精神和美應(yīng)該通過我們的教學(xué)讓孩子感受到。s leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the code and rule , reflects the party39。s leadership and the party39。s court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts。s advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of selfdiscipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered selfdiscipline norms for the leade