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? 臨床實踐走在醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)之前 ?危險性 2021年 SCID( severe bined immunodeficiencies)的基因治療 2021年骨質(zhì)疏松和更年期反應(yīng)的激素替代療法 ? 醫(yī)學(xué)作為科學(xué) 2021/6/16 51 尋找迷失的環(huán)節(jié) ( Missing Links) 病理過程 病理事件順序 生物事件順序 化學(xué)事件順序 整體層次 器官層次 組織層次 細(xì)胞層次 分子層次 化學(xué)反應(yīng)組合 哲學(xué) 2021/6/16 52 Enzymology, after having marched away from the biological toward the chemical and physical, has now change direction and return to where it came from. In a manner of speaking, the spectrophotometric cell must be replaced by the living cell as the ambience of the enzymes studied. This is by no means a retreat by modern enzymology. On the contrary, enzymology would reach a new level of understanding after pleting this circular, or rather spiral, progress, just as envisaged for the development of ideas by Hegelian dialectics. In the latter, the law “negation of negation( 否定的否定 ) ” holds that previous ideas are negated at each higher level of understanding: in two consecutive steps the negation made in the first step is negated in the second. , Supramolecular Enzyme Organization(1984) 哲學(xué) 2021/6/16 53 The specialist concentrates on detail and disregards the wider structure, which gives it context. The new scientist, however, concentrates on structure on all levels of magnitude and plexity, and fits detail into its general framework. ,(1972) The Systems View of the World 哲學(xué) 2021/6/16 54 理想 生活對于任何一個男女都非易事,我們必須有堅忍不拔的精神; 最要緊的,還是自己要有信心。 必欲得之 , 其道有二 。 N Werner 19世紀(jì)末物理學(xué)的危機(jī) 歷史回顧 2021/6/16 29 Kuhn的科學(xué)史觀 : 科學(xué)傳統(tǒng)生命過程 常態(tài)科學(xué) 危機(jī) 革命(突破) 科學(xué)社會群體 擴(kuò)張知識的精度和廣度 典范 (paradigm) 共同的問題領(lǐng)域、方法 共同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 高度積累性 異例 典范不能解釋 共同的方法不能解決 共同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)受到質(zhì)疑 科學(xué)社會群體內(nèi)百家爭鳴 新典范理論紛紛出籠 新的理論發(fā)展成熟 能夠消化舊有理論 能夠解釋異例 科學(xué)社會群體重組 新一輪常態(tài)科學(xué) Kuhn: The Structure of Scientific Revolution(1962) 歷史回顧 2021/6/16 30 Newton思想 萬物統(tǒng)一解 還原論 生命力論 有機(jī)合成 Prigogine 復(fù)雜性科學(xué) 活細(xì)胞中的化學(xué)過程是實驗室中這些反應(yīng)的總合 Hopkins 生物化學(xué)不能還原成化學(xué) Popper 無生命的化學(xué)過程 + ? ? 生命過程 Perutz 2021/6/16 31 1937 Nobel 生理學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)獎獲得者 Oxidation, Energy Transfer, and Vitamins Albert SzentGyyi 2021/6/16 32 In my hunt for the secret of life, I started my research in histology. Unsatisfied by the information that cellular morphology could give me about life, I turned to physiology. Finding physiology too plex, I took up pharma