【正文】 fl negotiate。 fl PART Name。 Modelling。fl machining operation selection agent。 FinalSize。Pa。 Type。fl fixture selection and design。 Fax: q85227888423。 MaxSize。fl internal knowledge representations which capturesufficient goal and history information to allowfor solution revision to be carried out cooperatively。fl CasebasedParameterSetRetrie?al: finding a previous solution that succeeded in resolving a conflict involving a similar set of parameters.. Control knowledgeAll the Pagents in the CoCAPP system must beable to perform a set of tasks with the same controlknowledge:fl generate new proposals。 when an agent sends a message, it directs itto the intended outgoing link. Messages to a singledestination arrive in the order they were sent。 accepted 25 January 1999Abstract .A well designed puteraided process planning CAPP system bridges the gap between CAD and CAM. A number ofsystems have recently been developed relying on a standalone expert system. However, because of overplexity, manysuch systems cannot be effectively applied to industrial enterprises in practice. Moreover, the modern puter integrated .manufacturing system CIM requires the CAPP system to be extendible and flexible for practical industrial applications. Itis hardly possible to develop the extensive industrial CAPP system by using only one large expert system. To overethese weaknesses, a new cooperative agent model is presented for process planning in this paper that satisfies five majorrequirements: Autonomy, Flexibility, Interoperability, Modularity and Scalability. In accordance with this framework .proposed, a machining cooperative process planning system Machining CoCAPP is specifically developed for demonstration purpose. The system modelling, agent structure design, cooperation and coordination mechanism, and case study of theMachining CoCAPP are presented. q 2020 Elsevier Science . All rights reserved.Keywords: CAPP。fl cutting tool selection agent。 Hardness。fl mechanisms for negotiation to settle conflicts。 HeatTreat。fl machine selection。fl machining operation selection。 InitSta.tus。fl mechanisms for incorporating externally produced partial solutions。 TolerancesThe Name is the identifier of a feature. It must beunique. The Type is the keyword of the feature. Thefeature Location is about the original position anddirectional vector of the feature. The feature size, . including final size FinalSize and initial size Init.Size , is the dimensional value of the feature. TheHardness is about the feature’s hardness. The Tolerances are about dimensional and geometric tolerances. A keyword is assigned to tolerance to distinguish the tolerance content.. Domain knowledgeThe domain knowledge of each Pagent is aboutthe descriptions of its process planning capabilities,and used to generate proposals, evaluate proposals,and resolve conflicts. Different agents may havedifferent formats for domain knowledge representations such as databases, analytical algorithms, etc.The domain knowledge can be extracted from manuwxfacturing handbooks such as 19–21 . Each Pagenthas a different domain knowledge content.For example, the operation selection agent is usedto generate machining operation alternatives for defined features of parts. For each given feature, theremay exist more than one possible operation. Sometraditional machining methods such as forging, diecasting, drilling, turning, milling, boring, shaping,grinding, lapping, honing, and diamond boring, etc.,have been built into the domain knowledge base. Itscontent includes the relationship between operationswith parameters such as machinable feature, workpiece material, tolerances, preparatory operation, timecalculation equation. The knowledge is representedas facts in a semantic as shown in Fig. 3. In theknowledge base, an operation fact is stored in onenode. All facts are stored in a list.The proposal generation, proposal evaluation, andconflict resolution strategies are embedded in thesolver adapter of each Pagent.Fig. 3. Semantic for internal round features.. Conflict resolution knowledgeThe conflict resolution strategies include two categories: domaindependent and domainindependent.The domaindependent strategies mainly involve howto suggest further measures when one Pagent conflicts with the other Pagent’s proposals. Each Pagenthas its own suggestion strategies different from theother Pagent’s. It also includes the explanation tothe conflict resolution proposed. The domainindependent strategies are more mon and can be thesame for all the Pagents. They are designed as a setof conflict resolution facts with some basic guide .lines conflict resolution rules for deciding whichdomaindependent strategy to apply and altering theresolution strategy in order to improve its understanding of the overall problem according to theother Pagent’s action of conflict resolutions. Thefollowing strategies are used to resolve conflicts inthe CoCAPP system as domainindependent conflictwxresolution strategies 22 .fl Compromise: finding an immediate proposal thatis within an acceptable range。fl fixture selection and design agent。 .Computers in Industry 41 2020 83–97A cooperative agent modelling approach for process planning. Zhao, . Tso), Paul . WuDepartment of Manufacturing Engineering and Engineering Management, City Uni?ersity of Hong Kong, Tat Chee A?enue, Hong Kong,ChinaReceived 30 November 1998。fl sequencing operation and cost estimate agent.Each agent may run in a different puter connected to the inter. The Bagent supplies theglobal state information of the problem and monitorsthe operational dependencies among all the individual Pagents. Once there is a problem, the Bagentwill notify all registered Pagents f