【正文】 for example, workers are crowded together on sites, operating at height and outdoors, with the use of heavy machine and equipment. The questionnaire explores the perceived probability of serious accidents on construction sites, which will lead to fatalities. The respondents were asked to choose the most probable serious site accidents (can be more than one from a list of accidents prepared by the authors) that may lead to fatalities and the results are shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 indicates that falling from height_ is considered most risky (92%) (Larsson and Field,2020). The other accidents in descending order of perceived probability are hit by falling materials, collapse of earthwork, use of heavy machine, and electrocution. The results are parable (with the exception of the ranking of electrocution) with the safety statistical data of the construction industry in China (as listed in Table 2). The results indicate that the frequencies of accidents correlate positively with fatalities and severe injuries with the exception of electrocution. Table 2 shows that falling from height scores high both in the accident and fatality records. The proportion of the accident reaches 50% of the total accidents, which is obviously higher than any other accidents. With respect to fatality, 524 construction workers (48%) lost their life due to falling from height in 1999 (see Table 3). . Impacts of site accidents . Perceived probability of serious accidents on construction sites Table 2 Safety accidents in the construction industry (in 1999) Sources: China Construction Statistical Yearbook (2020, p. 105). a The figure in parentheses indicates the percentage of the total. . Relative importance of factors The respondents ranked _poor safety awareness of firms top leaders and poor safety awareness of project managers first and third, with a RII of and . It indicates that leaders play a very important role in construction safety management. The top management sets up appropriate environments for safety by defining the safety policy and allocating resources. The attitude of the top leaders plays an important role in cultivating a good safety culture (Seppala, 1995). However, in practice, not all business leaders pay great attention to safety management because other business objectives such as profitability, schedule and quality are always peting for their time and resources (Hakkinen, 1995). This can be seen from the questionnaire response that only a small proportion of top management attended safety meetings. As contractors have to finish the work within a specified period of time, at an agreed price and at a certain standard of workmanship, most people focus on the immediate problems and view their top priorities as meeting the production schedule, quota and cost targets, and quality requirements. Only after achieving these objectives will they give some considerations to safety (Tam et al., 2020). Table 4 RII of factors affecting construction site safet 6. Demands for governmental support The government should play an important role in safety management in the construction industry (Kartam et al., 2020). In this survey, respondents were asked to provide their opinions on an openended format on the ways that the government can support safety management. Fig. 8 shows the results. Fig. 6 shows that 62% of the respondents indicated _financial aid_ as the major tool. However, according to an interviewee, an official in the Ministry of Construction in charge of construction safety, the provision of financial aid is not feasible under the current government policy. 31% of the respondents felt that government should carry out more effective inspection. Currently the inspections are not conducted effectively as it is impossible to have sufficient inspectors to visit all workplaces at all time and be there when new hazards arisen (MacCollum, 1995). Under current circumstances, the most feasible ways that the government can manage is the provision of support in safety training and a proper legal framework with stringent enforcement. Fig. 6. Demands for governmental support 7. Conclusions Construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique nature. By international standards, the construction site safety record of China is poor. Every year there are about 1000 recorded fatalities in construction sites and a large number of reported occupational accidents。 Laitinen and Ruohomaki, 1996) reveal that when goals are posted and feedback is given, the safety index is significantly higher than that when no feedback is given. Hakkinen (1995) advocated a training program called _one hour for safety management_ for top management. The application of the program was successful in drawing managements attention to safety issues. One study indicates that 83% of projects achieve the zero accident goals after applying the _Zero Accident Program_ (Center to Protect Workers_ Rights, 1993。 ?建立一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑u審制度，投標(biāo)價(jià)格的形成作為評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。然而，根據(jù)受訪者，在施工部負(fù)責(zé)施工安全的官員，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的政府政策提供財(cái)政援助是不可行的。 如顯示的結(jié)果 ， 68％的受訪者認(rèn)為，作為影響 最嚴(yán)重的工地意外損害公司的聲譽(yù)且打斷了建設(shè)，提高成本和工人心理負(fù)擔(dān)，強(qiáng)加于工人的時(shí)間表。 5 結(jié)果討論 安全手冊和程序 使用安全手冊的目的是溝通項(xiàng)目的安全政策，確定安全因素，確定責(zé)任和控制安全管理制度。國有企業(yè)的死亡率是每 10 萬人和 和 的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)，這與建筑公司在中國的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)。 圖 1 施工安全管理的治理層次 根據(jù)施工安全的有關(guān)法例，如建筑法，施工安全和施工企業(yè)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)法的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建設(shè)部每年聘請約 50 位安全審核員來開展全國安全審計(jì)中的職 權(quán)。萊蒂寧， Ruohomaki， 1996 年）顯示 ，通過發(fā)布并反饋給目標(biāo)的安全指數(shù)明顯比沒有反饋時(shí)更高。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，承包商安全管理的行為表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要，包括提供個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備，定期安全會(huì)議，安全培訓(xùn)。 Jaselskis 和 Suazo， 1994 年） 。在這些重特大事故的死亡率是每 10 萬名工人傷亡 人。自 1978 年通過的改革開放政策實(shí)施以來，傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制已逐步取代了在中國的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查是在 200 個(gè)大、中型上市建設(shè)公司的質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證體系下進(jìn)行的，作為 ISO 9000 認(rèn)證的公司已經(jīng)接受了他們從理論上說的質(zhì)量體系，安全管理，從而可以更好地履行安全。然而，87％的受訪者認(rèn)為高 層管理人員很少參加安全會(huì)議。最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的態(tài)度在培養(yǎng)良好的安全文化中起著重要的作用（ Seppala， 1995 年）。 ?高層管理人員很少出席安全會(huì)議可以看出他們對安全管理有敷衍的態(tài)度 ?只有少數(shù)承建商提供系統(tǒng)的安全培訓(xùn)，大部分（ 68％）的受訪者視為最影響工地意外的因素，而其中一些（ 5％）認(rèn)為工人嚴(yán)重的心理負(fù)擔(dān)是影響安全的因素，