【正文】 ion. In order to assure efficient and accurate management of the mechanical data base, special training is required for designated personnel – the Mechanical Integrator (MI). The Mechanical Integrator ensures the implementation of appropriate working procedures by the subsystems designers, that the current design is based on approved and released data, the use of generic parts and much more by managing an updated and robustly built data base. The Mechanical Integrator has a major roll in the project, but does he have the necessary knowledge and training? This paper presents the advantages of managing the mechanical data base。通過(guò)本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，使我們認(rèn)識(shí)到畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是我們走上工作崗位之前在學(xué)校期間對(duì)所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、專業(yè)知識(shí)、基本技能和專業(yè)技能進(jìn)行的一次全面綜合學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程。軸向力與正向螺距成拋物線關(guān)系，在正向螺距為36mm時(shí)軸向力出現(xiàn)最小值。正向輸送段螺距為28mm。 (310)式中: 為應(yīng)變； 對(duì)所測(cè)得的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理和分析，然后導(dǎo)入Matlab軟件中，利用其差值功能進(jìn)行曲線的擬合，從而得到單一變化的因素(螺桿軸的轉(zhuǎn)速、反向擠壓段螺旋的扣數(shù)、反向擠壓段螺棱上的狹槽寬度、正向輸送段螺棱寬度和正向輸送段螺距)與雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)的軸向推力之間的實(shí)驗(yàn)關(guān)系曲線。確定還要兼顧雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。取開(kāi)了方孔后留下的支撐板為單元體,其受力分析如圖39所示。測(cè)力環(huán)的設(shè)計(jì)步驟為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、力學(xué)分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)比較 ,這樣才能得到較好的效果。在圖 1中支架機(jī)筒定位環(huán)8和機(jī)筒下座9都是原雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)的結(jié)構(gòu)。該方法測(cè)量精度較高，可以動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)量和自動(dòng)記錄，缺點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)比較大，檢修也比較麻煩。1％。它的測(cè)量上限值為數(shù)千至數(shù)百萬(wàn)牛頓。當(dāng)磁彈性體受力作用時(shí)，材料的磁導(dǎo)率在壓應(yīng)力方向降低，使磁力線分布發(fā)生變化，一部分磁力線與測(cè)量繞組交連而產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)，感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)大小隨被測(cè)力大小而變。電阻應(yīng)變式力傳感器 利用粘貼在彈性體上并組成電橋電路的應(yīng)變片將被測(cè)力變換成電信號(hào)輸出的傳感器。則有： (24)將上式作冪級(jí)數(shù)展開(kāi),并取其前四項(xiàng)得 (25)(c)關(guān)系對(duì)照?qǐng)D21,并令四個(gè)應(yīng)變片的初始電阻均為,則可得到全橋式應(yīng)變片傳感器關(guān)系: (26)式中，為傳感器的輸出電壓，為電橋電源。圖21是采用全橋方式的轉(zhuǎn)換電路。該測(cè)量裝置用于雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)軸向推力的測(cè)量,取得了良好的效果。根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，可加工設(shè)計(jì)的應(yīng)變環(huán)，然后粘貼應(yīng)變片，進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)軸軸力測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn)。這些脈動(dòng)的力作用在轉(zhuǎn)子上，通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)子的止推盤傳遞到瓦塊和瓦座上，在瓦座上安裝測(cè)力元件，就能測(cè)量到靜態(tài)力和動(dòng)態(tài)力的變化。由于各種軸向力計(jì)算方法都要作許多假設(shè)，與實(shí)際工況相差較大，設(shè)計(jì)值、計(jì)算值與實(shí)際偏離較多，尤其在高速壓縮機(jī)中，常常發(fā)生剩余軸向力超過(guò)止推軸承的承載能力。解決這一問(wèn)題更為有效的辦法就是實(shí)時(shí)在線監(jiān)測(cè)軸向力，作為超限報(bào)警和聯(lián)鎖停機(jī)的重要指標(biāo)，并通過(guò)主動(dòng)控制的辦法將其控制在合適的范圍之內(nèi)。 通常在測(cè)量或計(jì)算某被測(cè)物所受的軸向力，非常簡(jiǎn)單。雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)是造紙工業(yè)中一種新型的磨漿設(shè)備。2軸向力的測(cè)量原理在一系列工程實(shí)際問(wèn)題中,人們經(jīng)常會(huì)遭到各種類型的沖擊載荷材料在沖擊載荷下的力學(xué)性能與準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)載荷下的力學(xué)性能有明顯區(qū)別。定義如下: (23)式中：稱為應(yīng)變片的靈敏度系數(shù)。 測(cè)力傳感器測(cè)量機(jī)械設(shè)備中的作用力的機(jī)械量測(cè)量?jī)x表，又稱測(cè)力儀表。這種傳感器具有測(cè)量精確度高、響應(yīng)快和測(cè)量范圍寬等特點(diǎn)，故廣泛用于稱重儀表。 圖23 磁彈性式力傳感器壓電式力傳感器 利用壓電介質(zhì)（如石英、鈦酸鋇等晶體）在力作用下發(fā)生極化而在兩端表面間出現(xiàn)電勢(shì)差的壓電效應(yīng)，將被測(cè)力變換成電信號(hào)輸出的測(cè)量元件。繞在永久磁鋼上的線圈與電源E接通一脈沖電流使振弦一吸一放而產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。在磨漿過(guò)程中，制漿材料由進(jìn)料口送入，被正向螺旋推向反向螺旋，在正、反向螺旋擠壓作用下物料被壓縮揉碎，由于正向螺旋擠壓作用較大，物料被迫從反向螺旋的斜槽通過(guò)而被剪切撕裂、進(jìn)入下一個(gè)擠壓區(qū)，如此反復(fù),在出料口物料被磨制成紙漿。為了便于測(cè)量螺桿軸所受的軸向力，本文對(duì)螺桿軸進(jìn)行了改造，在兩根螺桿與減速箱連接的一端分別安裝一個(gè)應(yīng)變測(cè)量環(huán)，如圖36所示。推力軸承4緊圈固定在螺桿芯軸10上,松圈壓在應(yīng)變環(huán)上 ,松圈外緣與支架孔壁有一定間隙 ,避免產(chǎn)生摩擦阻力。圖38是測(cè)力環(huán)的設(shè)計(jì)與參數(shù),測(cè)力環(huán)的外徑和內(nèi)徑分別為，,壁厚為t。式(34)對(duì)x,y求偏導(dǎo)可以得到: （35）根據(jù)邊界條件： （36）積分可得：，所以： （37）根據(jù)題意, ,式中為螺桿的軸為圖39測(cè)力環(huán)支撐板的橫截面積。計(jì)算可得到 12等分后對(duì)應(yīng)每等分中徑弧長(zhǎng)為:=R=,支撐板中徑弧長(zhǎng)為b=w=,b對(duì)應(yīng)支撐板的橫截面積為: A=bt=。反向擠壓段螺旋的扣數(shù)為2扣；正向輸送段螺棱寬度為9mm。螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速為350rpm?？梢钥闯觯庸の锪蠟樗菝迼U和木片、堿泡棉桿和木片以及水泡麥稈時(shí)，在加工水泡棉桿時(shí)的軸向力的變化與理論曲線較為接近；由于在實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程中，一直采用人工加送物料的進(jìn)料方式，同機(jī)械進(jìn)料相比人工加料速度慢且送料不均勻，對(duì)雙螺桿磨漿機(jī)動(dòng)力學(xué)各個(gè)參數(shù)的測(cè)量都有一定的影響。對(duì)今后的工作實(shí)踐十分有益。s design. (c) Approach to generic ponent design. (d) Basic procurement knowledge when working mainly with subcontractors. (e) Production methods. (f) Acquaintance with different cultures in case of global projects.SubContractor Training and Qualification: Good integration is based on proper building of basic system elements. Awareness of this is not always understood by the endpart designers. They often do not understand why it is important to work according to specific instructions – or it conflicts with their interests. To get there full cooperation, it is important to explain to them the needs, to train them how to work according to the procedures and to monitor the data they transfer. The qualification process can reduce the monitoring efforts. A qualified subcontractor can have advantages over an unqualified subcontractor during mercial negotiations. On plex subsystems, it can even bee go/notgo criteria for choosing the subcontractor. Technical Environment: Efficient control of a large amount of data can be quite easy when using appropriate data management software. Since the entire mechanical data base of the organization is to be controlled by the data management software, choosing the software bees a strategic decision and many aspects need to be examined, like adjustment to the other relevant information system in the organization and future needs.Working Procedures: The working procedures are basically served as organization/project custom made standardization and need to be known and implemented throughout the project from the top level to the last subcontractor. They should be adjusted to maintain good levels of control without producing unnecessary bureaucracies. The procedure should take into account the following:(a)What data needs to be controlled. (b) The level of standardization for each data item. (c) The data flow process. (d) The management levels for data release approval. Controlled data can include: (a) Full detailed CAD assembly. (b) Integration level assembly less detailed system assembly and Interface Control Documents (ICD).(c) System versions: customized versions, training versions, tests versions, reduced functionality systems versions, etc. (d) Analysis models: model and assembly versions that were adjusted transferred to analysis personnel, like FEA, CFD, dynamic response, thermal analysis, antenna response, etc.The level of standardization can be changed according to the level of integration of the data and the plexity of the interfaces: from the top level of the system main chassis or main wiring that are integrated with many ponents and should be most strictly controlled。機(jī)械積分器保證生產(chǎn)過(guò)程順利的執(zhí)行通過(guò)第二制造系統(tǒng)，也就是說(shuō)當(dāng)前的設(shè)計(jì)是建立在準(zhǔn)許的數(shù)據(jù)上，類屬部件的使用以及其它更多是通過(guò)管理更新的和堅(jiān)固的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)而建立的。為了滿足上述解釋的需要，下面推薦幾個(gè)不同階層調(diào)整后的基礎(chǔ)機(jī)構(gòu)：(a)人員訓(xùn)練(b)分承包人訓(xùn)練和質(zhì)量鑒定(c)技術(shù)環(huán)境(d)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程人員訓(xùn)練：機(jī)械積分訓(xùn)練基于分析它的活動(dòng)和職責(zé)，且能夠適應(yīng)工程復(fù)雜形勢(shì)的改變。技術(shù)環(huán)境當(dāng)使用合適的數(shù)據(jù)管理軟件時(shí)，有效地控制大量的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)變得更加簡(jiǎn)單。一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)流程圖的例子如表表2所示表1 系統(tǒng)裝配表格表1展示的系統(tǒng)裝配表格建立在亞系統(tǒng)的的階層，通常依賴于系統(tǒng)模型樹