【正文】 ctly forbidden in most traditionalproducing countries. 葡萄酒，另一個(gè)在最傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)國(guó)嚴(yán)格禁止的做法 。 Other experiments with fertilizers and pruning methods 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)與化肥和修剪方法 increased yield and improved grape flavor. 增加產(chǎn)量和提高了葡萄的味道 。 Challenging Production Norms 具有挑戰(zhàn)性的生產(chǎn)規(guī)范 On the back of the postwar economic boom, New World wine producers developed in an industry 在戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的背面，新世界葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商在一個(gè)行業(yè)發(fā)展 environment different from their European counterparts. 從他們的歐洲同行不同的環(huán)境 。s Puritan heritage and espoused 但另一組反映了該國(guó)的清教徒的遺產(chǎn)和擁護(hù) temperance or abstinence. 節(jié)欲或禁欲。 It became part of the national cultures in Argentina and Chile, 它成為在阿根廷和智利國(guó)家文化的一部分 ， where per capita annual consumption reached about 80 liters in Argentina and 50 liters in Chile in 人均年消費(fèi)量達(dá)到了約80升，阿根廷和智利的50升 the 1960s. 20世紀(jì)60年代。 But a solution was found in an 但在一個(gè)解決方案被發(fā)現(xiàn) unexpected quarter: French vines were grafted onto phylloxeraresistant vine roots native to the 意外季度：法國(guó)葡萄樹(shù)嫁接到抗根瘤蚜藤根，原產(chǎn)于 United States and imported from the upstart Californian wine industry. 美國(guó)從暴發(fā)戶加州葡萄酒行業(yè)進(jìn)口。s DE QUALITE高等 （VDQS），但這些通常被視為較低級(jí)的，比AOC的 wines. 葡萄酒。e產(chǎn)區(qū) （AOC）的1935年的法律。 For 對(duì)于 example, the current French classification system was created by a Bordeaux mittee prior to the 例如，目前法國(guó)的分級(jí)制度是由波爾多委員會(huì)前 1855 Exposition in Paris. 1855世界博覽會(huì)在巴黎舉行。 The industry39。 Late 18 晚18 th 日 century innovations such as mass production of glass bottles, the use of cork stoppers, 世紀(jì)的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)，如大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的玻璃瓶，軟木塞的使用， and the development of pasteurization revolutionized the industry. 巴氏殺菌的發(fā)展徹底改變了行業(yè) 。 Some small growers formed cooperatives, hoping to participate in wine making’s 一些小種植者成立合作社，希望參與葡萄酒釀造的 downstream profit, but grape growing and wine making remained highly fragmented. 下游的利潤(rùn)，但葡萄種植和葡萄酒釀造仍然高度分散。 Over many centuries, small 許多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，小 agricultural holdings were continually fragmented as land was parceled out by kings, taken in wars, 農(nóng)業(yè)財(cái)產(chǎn)不斷分散的土地被瓜分由國(guó)王在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中所采取的， or broken up through inheritance. 或通過(guò)繼承。 In the Beginning 在開(kāi)始 1 1 Grape growing and wine making have been human preoccupations at least since the times when 葡萄種植和釀酒已至少?gòu)娜祟惖漠?dāng)務(wù)之急的時(shí)候 ancient Egyptians and Greeks offered wine as tributes to dead pharaohs and tempestuous gods. 古埃及人和希臘人提供悼念死去的法老和暴風(fēng)雨神酒 ?！?—Sam Toley, CEO of Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. 山姆Toley，澳大利亞葡萄酒和白蘭地公司的首席執(zhí)行官 。 We need to protect the ageold 我們需要保護(hù)的古老 European model built on traditional vineyards.” 歐洲模式建立在傳統(tǒng)的葡萄園。 By the Christian era, wine became part of liturgical services, and monasteries 基督教時(shí)代，葡萄酒成為禮儀服務(wù)的一部分，和寺院 planted vines and built wineries. 種植葡萄樹(shù)，并建酒廠。 By the mid19 中期 19 th 日 century, the average holding in France was 世紀(jì)，在法國(guó)的平均持股 ha. 。 But poor roads and plex toll and tax 但是，貧困的道路和復(fù)雜的收費(fèi)和稅收 systems made crossborder shipping extremely expensive. 系統(tǒng)跨境運(yùn)輸極其昂貴。 Regulation and Classification 規(guī)例“及”分類 As the industry developed, it became increasingly important to the cultural and economic life of 隨著行業(yè)的發(fā)展，它變得越來(lái)越重要的文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的 the producing countries. 生產(chǎn)國(guó)。s 1644 例如，德國(guó)的1644 wine classification scheme prescribed 65 classes of quality, with rules for everything from ripeness 葡萄酒分級(jí)計(jì)劃規(guī)定的65類質(zhì)量，從成熟的一切規(guī)則 required for harvesting to minimum sugar content. 需要采伐糖含量最低。me CRU（五分增長(zhǎng)）。ray). （Fitou或圣P233。 This was due to a belief that quality was linked to terroir , the almost mystical 這是由于到，質(zhì)量是有聯(lián)系的 沃土 ，近乎神秘的信仰 bination of soil, aspect, microclimate, rainfall, and cultivation that the French passionately 結(jié)合土壤，坡向，氣候，雨量充沛，種植，熱情的法國(guó) believed gave the wine from each region— and indeed, each vineyard— its unique character. 相信了酒，每個(gè)地區(qū)，事實(shí)上，每個(gè)葡萄園其獨(dú)特的性格。 Stirrings in the New World 在新的世界的激烈 Although insignificant in both size and reputation pared with the wellestablished industry in 雖然在規(guī)模和聲譽(yù)微不足道行之有效的行業(yè) traditional wineproducing countries, vineyards and wine makers had been set up in many New 傳統(tǒng)的葡萄酒生產(chǎn)國(guó)，葡萄園和葡萄酒生產(chǎn)商已設(shè)立了許多新的 World countries since the 18 世界各國(guó)自18 th 日 century. 世紀(jì)。 In Australia, the hot 在澳大利亞，熱 climate and a dominant British heritage made beer the alcoholic beverage of preference, with wine 氣候和主導(dǎo)的英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)啤酒的酒精飲料的偏好，用酒 being consumed mostly by Old World immigrants. 被消耗，大多是由舊世界的移民 。 For the exclusive use of J. BARDWELL This document is authorized for use only by Justin Bardwell in Agribusiness Capstone taught by Hinson from January 2010 to May 2010. 2010年1月至2010年5月。 6 6 Unconstrained by tradition, New World producers also began to experiment with grape growing 由傳統(tǒng)的約束，新世界生產(chǎn)商也開(kāi)始嘗試用葡萄種植 and winemaking technology. 和釀酒技術(shù)。 Large estates usually had 通常有大型屋苑 onsite labs to provide analysis helpful in making growing and harvest decisions. 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供的分析，幫助種植和收獲決定。 7 7 And South American grape costs were even lower, driving down the price of 和南美葡萄成本更低，壓低價(jià)格 popular premium wine in Europe to €2 a bottle, while the French vins de pays was priced above €3. 流行的高檔葡萄酒在歐洲€2一瓶，而法國(guó)的VINS DE支付價(jià)格高于€ 3。 More recently, Australian producers began replacing cork stoppers with screw 最近，澳大利亞生產(chǎn)商開(kāi)始用螺絲取代軟木塞 caps, even on premium wines. 甚至對(duì)優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄酒的瓶蓋， 。, Pillsbury, and Seagram followed, and 其他經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的消費(fèi)者，如雀巢，皮爾斯伯里和西格拉姆營(yíng)銷， conventional wisdom was that their sophisticated marketing techniques would finally crack the last 傳統(tǒng)的智慧，其先進(jìn)的營(yíng)銷技巧終于破解 major largely unbranded consumer product. 主要主要是無(wú)品牌的消費(fèi)類產(chǎn)品。 To traditionalists, the New World39。s Bicentenary, a British wine 1976年5月24日，在嘩眾取寵活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起，美國(guó)的二百周年，英國(guó)酒 merchant set up a blindtasting panel to rate top wines from France and California. 商人成立了盲目品酒面板率從法國(guó)和加州的頂級(jí)葡萄酒 。 Finally, it gave confidence to New World producers that they could 最后，它給了新世界生產(chǎn)商的信心，他們可以 pete in global markets. 在全球市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 by 2005 it was about 50 litres. 2005年約為50公升。 Even more promising was the more recent growth of new markets, 更希望新的市場(chǎng)更近的增長(zhǎng) ， particularly in Asia where consumption in China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Thailand grew at 特別是在亞洲，在中國(guó)，日本，臺(tái)灣，韓國(guó)，和泰國(guó)的消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng) double digit annual rates through the 1990s. 通過(guò)20世紀(jì)90年代兩位數(shù)的年率。 ( Exhibit 7 shows （ 圖表7顯示 one version of price segmentation as defined by a leading industry analyst.) 價(jià)格分割的一個(gè)版本定義為一個(gè)領(lǐng)先的行