【正文】 oral science.a) The predominant contributing disciplines are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. b) Psychology contributes mainly at the individual/micro level of analysis, whereas the latter disciplines contribute on the group/macro level of analysis.2. Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. a) Psychologists concern themselves with studying and attempting to understand individual behavior. b) Contributors are learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists, and, most important, industrial and organizational psychologists.c) Early industrial psychologists concerned themselves with problems of fatigue, boredom, and any other factor relevant to working conditions that could impede efficient work performance. d) More recently, their contributions have been expanded to include learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decisionmaking processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, employeeselection techniques, job design, and work stress.3. Sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. a) Greatest contribution has resulted from their study of group behavior in organizations, particularly formal and plex organizations. b) Areas of valuable input include group dynamics, design of work teams, organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, bureaucracy, munications, status, power, conflict, and work/life balance.4. Social psychology is an area within psychology, blending concepts from psychology and sociology. a) It focuses on the influence of people on one another. b) A major area of concern—change—how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. c) Areas of significant contributions are in measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes, munication patterns, the ways in which group activities can satisfy individual needs, and group decisionmaking processes.5. Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.a) It includes human physical character, evolutionary history, geographic distribution, group relationships, and cultural history and practices.b) This has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within organizations. 6. Political science, the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment, is frequently overlooked. a) Specific topics of concern to political scientists include structuring of conflict, allocation of power, and how people manipulate power for individual selfinterest.II. GOALS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORA. What three goals does OB seek (ppt 13)B. Explanation1. Seek to answer why an individual or a group of individuals did something.2. Explanation is the least important of the three goals, from a management perspective, because it occurs after the fact. C. Prediction1. The goal of prediction focuses on future events to determine what outes will result from a given action. 2. There are various ways to implement a major change, so the manager is likely to assess employee responses to several change interventions. Such information can be used in making the decision as to which change effort to use.D. Control1. The most controversial goal is to control behavior because most of us live in democratic societies, which are built upon the concept of personal freedom. 2. OB does offer technologies that facilitate the control of people. a) Whether those technologies should be used in organizations bees an ethical question.III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR OB: A MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVEA. The ability to explain, predict, and control organizational behavior has never been more important to managers because of changing workforce demographics。 improving people skills。 improving people skills。s workforce.2. Describe the relationship between satisfaction and productivity.3. Explain the theory of cognitive dissonance.4. Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior.5. Explain how two people can see the same thing and interpret it differently.6. Summarize attribution theory.7. Outline the learning process.LECTURE OUTLINEI. VALUESA. Introduction (ppt 4)B. Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or endstate of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or endstate of existence (ppt 5).1. Value systems contain a moral flavor in that they carry an individual39。 responding to globalization。 responding to globalization。 and organizational mitment and loyalty changes. (ppt 1415)B. Increased Foreign Assignments1. Organizations are no longer constrained by national borders, which means as a manager, you39。 global petition which require flexibility, rapid change and innovation。 managing workforce diversity—a key challenge since organizations are being more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity。 managing workforce diversity—a key challenge since organizations are being more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity。s ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. C. Value systems represent a prioritizing of individual values (ppt 6). 1. Values are identified by the relative importance an individual assigns to them, such as freedom, pleasure, selfrespect, honesty, obedience, and equality.D. Types of Values1. Rokeach Value Survey (ppt 7)a) Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey. b) The RVS consists of two sets of values, with each set containing eighteen individual value items. c) One set, terminal values, refers to desirable endstates of existence. These are the goals that a person would like to achie