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齒輪故障診斷虛擬儀器平臺(tái)開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文(更新版)

  

【正文】 212上述參數(shù)是設(shè)備故障早期診斷的常用評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。如圖22是自然光的光譜和機(jī)床振動(dòng)信號(hào)的的頻 圖22 光譜與頻譜譜。它反映的是系統(tǒng)整體上的振動(dòng)能量狀況。而且振動(dòng)傳感器的種類(lèi)非常的齊全(如圖21是各類(lèi)傳感器),安裝方式也豐富多樣,使用起來(lái)非常方便。噪聲分析法是利用噪聲傳感器采集機(jī)械設(shè)備運(yùn)行時(shí)的噪聲并對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析從而得出分析結(jié)論。本課題著重研究機(jī)械故障特征的提取方法,將虛擬儀器技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機(jī)械故障診斷領(lǐng)域,以齒輪故障為例,采用 LabVIEW 軟件進(jìn)行虛擬機(jī)械故障診斷的研究,提高測(cè)試系統(tǒng)的整體性能,有效地解決傳統(tǒng)故障診斷方法儀表不夠靈活且成本過(guò)高的問(wèn)題,并且,設(shè)計(jì)的虛擬故障診斷系統(tǒng)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)測(cè)試信號(hào)的時(shí)域分析、頻域分析、數(shù)字濾波、相關(guān)分析等功能,從而使得機(jī)械故障監(jiān)測(cè)診斷更靈活。與傳統(tǒng)的故障診斷系統(tǒng)相比,虛擬儀器系統(tǒng)具有成本低、易于調(diào)試、便于修改和升級(jí)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。齒輪故障將直接影響公司的生產(chǎn)數(shù)量和生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量,如果一條流水線上的某臺(tái)其關(guān)鍵作用的機(jī)器在預(yù)料之外突然出現(xiàn)故障將對(duì)工廠的生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響,也將嚴(yán)重影響公司的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。至今,大多數(shù)主流的測(cè)試儀器、數(shù)據(jù)采集設(shè)備都擁有專門(mén)的Labview驅(qū)動(dòng)程序,使用Labview可以非常便捷的控制這些硬件設(shè)備。[3]在監(jiān)測(cè)儀器和系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)方面,研究者已經(jīng)取得了大量的成果,開(kāi)發(fā)出了許多性能優(yōu)良的儀器及分析系統(tǒng)。所謂圖形化編程語(yǔ)言就是將具體的代碼封裝起來(lái)以圖標(biāo)的形式顯示成具有一定功能的控件(VI)只顯示輸入與輸出接口。傳統(tǒng)的儀器如示波器,萬(wàn)用表,電子顯示溫度計(jì)等是利用某些特殊的物理效應(yīng)來(lái)建立輸入量和輸出量之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。本人完全意識(shí)到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。制作了一套基于虛擬儀器的齒輪故障診斷系統(tǒng),并且用齒輪故障實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)驗(yàn)證了該系統(tǒng)用于齒輪故障診斷的可行性。Labview最初就是為測(cè)試測(cè)量而設(shè)計(jì)的,因而測(cè)試測(cè)量也是現(xiàn)在Labview最廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。對(duì)本研究提供過(guò)幫助和做出過(guò)貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人或集體,均已在文中作了明確的說(shuō)明并表示了謝意。涉密論文按學(xué)校規(guī)定處理。抽象的講:儀器就是輸入量與輸出量之間的傳遞函數(shù)。用戶編程時(shí)只需將相應(yīng)的控件的接口用“數(shù)據(jù)線”連接起來(lái)便“能量身定制”出具自己需要的儀器。除了傳統(tǒng)的時(shí)域分析、頻域分析還發(fā)展了諸如小波理論,能量算子解調(diào),希爾伯特變換,統(tǒng)計(jì)特征分析等一系列先進(jìn)的信號(hào)處理方法,為信號(hào)處理提供了豐富有效的手段。齒輪傳動(dòng)由于其精確的傳動(dòng)比廣泛的用于各種機(jī)械設(shè)備的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,例如切削機(jī)床、航空工業(yè)、電力系統(tǒng)、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、運(yùn)輸機(jī)械、礦山機(jī)械等均運(yùn)用了齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置。十年前,一家很有聲望的齒輪公司生產(chǎn)的提升機(jī),在進(jìn)行建筑物外表清潔作業(yè)時(shí)齒輪箱輪齒發(fā)生斷裂,造成清潔工人從高空墜落,這一事故的發(fā)生不僅是這家公司的產(chǎn)品信譽(yù)受到嚴(yán)重影響,還傷害了勞動(dòng)人民的生命。機(jī)械設(shè)備故障診斷技術(shù)研究的主要內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)在機(jī)械設(shè)備故障診斷過(guò)程中故障機(jī)理的研究、故障信息的獲取、故障特征的提取、機(jī)械設(shè)備狀態(tài)的分析和診斷以及狀態(tài)信息的存貯與管理等。(3)建立了齒輪故障實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)。機(jī)械振動(dòng)無(wú)處不在,幾乎所有的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行時(shí)都會(huì)有機(jī)械振動(dòng)現(xiàn)象,只是有強(qiáng)有弱。如上所述也正是基于振動(dòng)的故障診斷方法被普遍應(yīng)用的原因。這三個(gè)值在故障監(jiān)測(cè)和診斷中具有重要的作用。時(shí)域分析方法是最簡(jiǎn)單最直接的故障分析方法。信號(hào)自相關(guān)函數(shù)反映信號(hào)本身取值在兩個(gè)不同的時(shí)刻的自相似性,信號(hào)xt的自相關(guān)函數(shù)定義為Rxτ=limT?∞1T0Txtxt+τdt 214利用自相關(guān)函數(shù)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏在復(fù)雜噪聲環(huán)境中的周期分量以確定機(jī)器故障。其次是幅值較小但是增長(zhǎng)很快的頻率分量。不同的故障形式的振動(dòng)信號(hào)也表現(xiàn)出不同的特點(diǎn),這是有規(guī)律可循的。這些邊帶中包含了很多重要的齒輪故障信息。當(dāng)激振能量非常大,故障非常嚴(yán)重時(shí),則齒輪箱箱體的固有頻率被激起,產(chǎn)生箱體固有頻率調(diào)制現(xiàn)象。由解調(diào)譜分析有故障軸的轉(zhuǎn)頻,找出故障所在軸部位,但一般不可能事先計(jì)算或測(cè)出各種不同齒輪的固有頻率,所以我們往往不知這種調(diào)制的載波頻率,缺少了針對(duì)性。因此,當(dāng)我們進(jìn)行故障分析時(shí)某些振動(dòng)能量很強(qiáng)的干擾信號(hào)可能?chē)?yán)重對(duì)我們的判斷造成嚴(yán)重的影響,甚至讓我無(wú)法做出判斷。從共振解調(diào)方法的運(yùn)用過(guò)程[13]如下圖調(diào)制信號(hào)低通濾波包絡(luò)分析高通濾波原始信號(hào)圖23 共振解調(diào)過(guò)程在共振解調(diào)的過(guò)程包絡(luò)提取是一項(xiàng)最為主要也是最關(guān)鍵的一項(xiàng)工作。但是僅從表面上是很難了解其內(nèi)在規(guī)律的,最好的方法是對(duì)其進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)分析,因此我們需要建立一個(gè)齒輪故障實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)。綜上所述,系統(tǒng)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)如圖31所示上一節(jié)中概括性的講了一下實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái),傳感器,放大器和數(shù)據(jù)采集卡,計(jì)算機(jī)可以把這些東西統(tǒng)稱為硬件。量程: 最大輸入電荷量:105PC 特點(diǎn):通用型,高增益,高精度(4)數(shù)據(jù)采集卡數(shù)據(jù)采集卡的主要參數(shù)有通道數(shù)、位數(shù)和最高采樣頻率,它們是選擇數(shù)據(jù)采集卡時(shí)的重要指標(biāo)。模入范圍:177。工作模式選擇是指在線監(jiān)測(cè)和離線分析兩種工作模式中選擇一種。信號(hào)分析是該軟件的核心功能。(1) 新建一個(gè)空白VI 。圖32 軟件設(shè)計(jì)框圖圖33 數(shù)據(jù)采集控件(5) 選擇Voltage 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的電壓模擬輸入任務(wù)。(9) 在Samples to Read 文本框中輸入1000任務(wù)創(chuàng)建完成以后,在前面板添加一個(gè)波形顯示控件,然后回到框圖用數(shù)據(jù)線連接DAQ assistant和波形顯示器便可以顯示采集到的數(shù)據(jù)的圖形。運(yùn)行之后,顯示器上出現(xiàn)正弦信號(hào)的頻譜?!白x取數(shù)據(jù)”控件也有一個(gè)類(lèi)似的對(duì)話框。(由斷齒故障最能代表齒輪故障信號(hào)的特征而且斷齒故障發(fā)生的頻率較高)兩種情況對(duì)比分析,驗(yàn)證基于labview的齒輪故障診斷系統(tǒng)是否能夠準(zhǔn)確的進(jìn)行故障監(jiān)測(cè)和診斷。圖46 正常信號(hào)解調(diào)分析圖47 故障信號(hào)解調(diào)分析結(jié)論齒輪故障大體分為兩類(lèi),一是局部性故障。致謝在論文完成過(guò)程中,我的導(dǎo)師張洪鑫老師給了我可貴的支持和幫助,我的同學(xué)也提出了寶貴的意見(jiàn),謹(jǐn)表示誠(chéng)摯的感謝!參考文獻(xiàn)1 王立中 王 2 熊詩(shī)波 :2772883 4 丁康 李巍華 :12 5 周建民 周佳 6 韓清凱 :897 :12168 a case based dreasoningmethod for fault diagnosis during 9 陳長(zhǎng)征 胡立新 :32332410 丁康 李巍華 朱小勇 :2511 extended FFT algorithm for ARMA spectral 12 續(xù)媛君 基于Labview的齒輪箱故障診斷研究與應(yīng)用13 RolfIsermann .Model based fault detection and diagnosis status and applications .200514 Nc machine tool fault diagnosis 15 周建民 周佳 .附錄NC machine tool fault diagnosisAbstractfault diagnosis technology has a history of more than 30 years of development, but as a prehensive new subject, diagnostics of fault is developed in recent years. From a different perspective, equipment fault diagnosis theory and method are many, the fault diagnosis expert system method is one of the most significant achievements in fault diagnosis field in recent years, its content including diagnosis knowledge expression, diagnosis reasoning method, uncertainty reasoning and diagnosis knowledge acquisition etc. key words:NC machine; tool fault; tree analysis  A, numerical control machine tool fault diagnosis research is all about . Fault diagnosis begins with mechanical equipment fault diagnosis, mainly refers to the manufacturing equipment and manufacturing process of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Manufacturing equipment is mainly refers to the processing machine tools, fixtures, measuring and cutting tools。 (3) in view of the expert system knowledge acquisition bottleneck problem, more emphasis on the adaptive ability and self learning ability research, online diagnostic technique, multisensor technology research.   Three, numerical control machine tool fault diagnosis   Nc machine tool fault diagnosis has been a problem in operation and maintenance personnel. Due to the work safety and reliability of nc machine tool for the benefit of the production units directly to produce very big effect, and application in the field of fault diagnosis expert system, based on human experts experience knowledge of equipment and system fault diagnosis technology.   CNC machine tools as a plex nonlinear system, fully considering the natural conditions change and manmade wrong operation, how to bine the advantage of fuzzy technology and artificial intelligence, summed up the more intelligent fault diagnosis methods, will be need to efforts in the direction of the later.  With further improve equipment automation, its fault diagnosis is also being more plicated, especially for engineering machinery, to solve all fault is very difficult in the process of operation. In view of this situation, the technical strength of scientific research institutes to establish a system of remote fault diagnosis through the Internet and engineering machinery field connections, establish a realtime fault detection system, found the fault during the process of operation in a timely manner and quickly diagnose. In fault diagnosis of local system cannot solve, use the Internet access to remote fault diagnosis center, and through technical strength of scientific research institutes to deal with these failures, in time to resume production, and effectively implement the technical resources sharing, therefore the remote fault diagnosis system based on Internet will be a importan
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