【正文】 windward。 It should also be remembered that the primary object is to provide a descriptive term for the type of soil. 還應牢記的是我們的主要目的是提供對土的類型的描述性術(shù)語。 The soil/water suspension is then made up to 500 ml, agitated vigorously for a short while and then allowed to settle. 再從中取出 500ml 的土 /水懸浮液，充分攪拌一會后讓其沉降。 A suitablesized subsample is first ovendried and then 14 sieved to separate the coarsest particles (20mm). 將一適量的分土樣烘干，并過篩分開最粗的顆粒（ 20mm的顆粒） The subsample is then immersed in water containing a dispersing agent and allowed to stand before being washed through a 63?m(micron) mesh sieve. 然后將土樣浸入含有分散劑的水中，并在將其用 63 微米篩過篩 前擱置起來（并將其擱置一會，再用 63micron 的篩子過篩）。 shows the British Standard range of percentage of particle sizes. 圖 為粒徑百 12 分數(shù)的英國標準范圍。 As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a legal format by nonprofit anizations. 如同一般建筑規(guī)范，設計規(guī) 程由非贏利組織編寫。 A building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. 建筑規(guī)范具有法律效力，由政府部位發(fā) 布，如城市、縣、對于大的城區(qū)，如聯(lián)合政府。 Other dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural ponents such as floor coverings, suspended ceilings with light fixtures, and partitions. 其它建筑物恒載包括非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的重量，如樓面面層、帶有燈具的吊頂以及隔墻。 Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is pleted in an efficient manner. 在理想狀態(tài)下，工程師和建筑師將在整個設計過程中 協(xié)同工作從而高效地完成設計工作。 Obviously, all columns must be free to deform axially. 顯然，所有柱必須在軸向自由變形 。 Effective Length（計算長度） Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions: 歐拉和切線模量方程都是基于如下假定： 1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crookedness. 柱完全豎直，無初始彎曲。歐拉公式的有效性（正確性）已由許多試驗 充分 證實。 If the member is more stocky, as the one in , a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability. 如果該構(gòu)件更粗短些，如圖 所示，則需要更大的荷載才能使其屈曲。 This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而，現(xiàn)實中從來都不可能達到這種理想狀態(tài)，因為荷載的一些偏心是不可避免的。 eccentric 偏心的； eccentricity 偏心，偏心距 3. inevitable evitable 可避免的 avoidable。 The most mon type of pression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column, a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. 在建筑物和橋梁中最常見的受壓構(gòu)件就是柱，其主要功能就是支承豎向荷載。 As we shall see, the load at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness, and for very slender members this load could be quite small. 我們將會看到，屈曲發(fā)生時的荷載是 長細程度 的函數(shù)，非常細長的構(gòu)件的屈曲荷載將會很低。 Since buckling will take place as soon as the load reaches the value by , the column will bee unstable about the principle axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. This usually means the axis with the smaller moment of inertia. 由于一旦荷載達到式 之值，柱將在與最大長細比對應的主軸方向變得不穩(wěn)定 （失穩(wěn)） ，通常該軸是慣性矩較小的軸。 The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. 前兩 (假定 )條件意味著在屈曲前無彎矩存在。 frame structure, 框架結(jié)構(gòu) 2. constraint vt. constrain 約束，強迫； n. constraint 約束 3. collaborate vt. 合作，通敵； collaboration, collaborative 4. evaluation vt. evaluate, value。 Although this is an oversimplification, it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important considerations include serviceability (how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection) and economy. 盡管這樣說過分簡單，但它明確了工程師的第一個主要任務，即，確保安全。 This type may or may not be acting on the structure as any given time, and the location may not be fixed. 這 類荷載可能也可能不總是作用在結(jié)構(gòu)物上，且作用位置也可能不是固定的。Although the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified minimum loads. 盡 管鼓勵工程師研究實際荷載工況以確定真實的荷載值，結(jié)構(gòu)必須能支承這些規(guī)定的最小荷載。 sediment 8. suspension n. 懸?。?suspend ~bridge cablestayed bridge 9. agitate v. 攪動，混合； disturb 10. hydrometer n. （液體）比重計 11. viscosity n. 黏性； viscoidal 12. flaky n. 薄片狀的， of flake 13. pipette n. 吸液管 14. irrecoverable a. 不可恢復的 irretrievable 10 15. concave a. 凹的； convex 凸的 16. permeability n. 滲 透 性 。 A representative sample of the soil is split systematically down to a convenient subsample size and then ovendried. 此法是將要分析土的一代表樣本 系統(tǒng)地 分為方便的子樣本，然后烘干。 The bined clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a percentage of the total subsample weight. The coarsest fraction (20mm) can also be sieved and the results used to plete the grading curve. 由重量差確定粘粒 /粉粒的總重，并將其表示為子土樣總重的百分數(shù)。 but the proportions of particles smaller than d in the suspension will remain unchanged. 但懸浮液中小于 d 的顆粒所占的比例仍保持不變。 A further quantitative analysis of grading curves may be carried out using certain geometric values known as grading characteristics. 通過采用某些稱為級配特征的幾何值，可進一步對級配曲線進行定量的分析。 14. slippage slip 20 [??rinkid?] n. 收縮 shrink 5. capillary [k??pil?ri] adj. 毛細作用的 tension capillarity 6. evaporate [i?v?p?reit]v.( 使 )蒸發(fā) , 消失 7. paste [peist] , 粘土團 cement paste 8. ambient [??mbi?nt] adj. 周圍的 , 包 圍 著 的 surrounding ambient air 9. specimen [?spesimin] n. 標本 , 樣品 , 樣本 , 待[?slipid?] , 滑移 , 滑程 slip 15. humidity [hju:?miditi] , 潮濕 , 濕度 。 The causes of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads. 混凝土體積變化的原因可歸結(jié)為含水量的變化、水泥與水的水化反應、溫度變化和所施加的荷載。 conditions, moisture, and temperature. Concrete specimens subjected to moist conditions undergo an expansion of 200 25 to 300106, but if they are left to dry in air, they shrink. High temperature speeds the evaporation of water and, consequently, increases shrinkage. 外部條件，水分與溫度：潮濕環(huán)境下的混凝土試件的膨脹量為 200 to 300106，但如果讓其在空氣中干燥，它們