【正文】 建造中的另一種優(yōu)點是梁之間的連接方法。酸會腐蝕鋼筋 ,而混凝土會產(chǎn)生與酸相反的堿性化學反應。它是在施工現(xiàn)場與砂子 、 骨料 (小石塊、碎石、礫石 )及水 ,拌制成混凝土。 鋼材和水泥 ─ 現(xiàn)代最重要的兩種建筑材料 ,在 19 世紀得到了推廣。在第一階段，專業(yè)人員的合作是有意義的，但 僅限于行程總的構(gòu)思方面；在第二階段，建筑師應該能夠用圖形來確定各分體系的需求，并且通過估計關(guān)鍵構(gòu)件的性能來證明其相互作用的6 可行性。 當設計者和顧問工程師對初始階段設計方案的可行性滿意時，就意味著全部設計的基本問題已經(jīng)解決，不會再因細節(jié)問題而發(fā)生大的變化。 在方案階段，如果設計者能夠形象的預見所作方案的結(jié)構(gòu)整體性，并要考慮施工階段可行性及經(jīng)濟性，那將是非常有幫助的。因此，他或他試圖將有相互有關(guān)的空間形式分體系組成的總體系形成一個建筑環(huán)境。 they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various binations. Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel material between them under high heat. Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more mon) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material. 4 Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed. 5 建筑中的結(jié)構(gòu)設計及建筑材料 建筑師必須從一種全局的角度出發(fā)去處理建筑設計中應該考慮到的實用活動，物質(zhì)及象征性的需求。在開始勾畫具體的建筑形似時，應考慮基本的場所跳進加以修改。當然，這些初步設計階段所作的決定仍可以反饋回取使方案概 念進一步改善，或甚至可能有重大變化。 綜上所述：在第一階段，建筑師必須首先用概念的方式來確定基本方案的全部空間形式的可行性。例如 ,在雅典的帕臺農(nóng)神廟的柱子 ,就是由在水中也能變得如石材般堅硬的火山灰建成的。它是一種由石灰石和粘土加熱后碾成粉末的混合物?；炷梁弯摻钪g形成一種使它們粘結(jié)在一起的粘結(jié)力 ,這個力使鋼筋在混凝土中不會產(chǎn)生滑移。但是現(xiàn)在 , 幕墻則一般由諸如玻璃 、 鋁、塑料或各種混合材料等輕質(zhì)材料建成的。然后它們被用于預應力混凝土 ,這種施工方法有