【正文】 gh NeWS was considered technically elegant by some mentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always proprietary software. The X Window System The standard windowing system in the Unix world, developed in the early 1980s, is the X Window System, or X. X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations, without regard to the workstation’s operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has bee the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all systems, including UNIX, the BSD operating systems and the GNU/Linux distributions. X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the work as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote workstation is called the client application. X’s work transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and ’served up’ to any of a large number of remote users. In the early days of X Window development Sun Microsystems and ATamp。● 圖形用戶界面歷史 |圖形用戶界面（ GUI）詳細(xì)發(fā)展歷史 History of the graphical user interface The graphical user interface, or GUI, is a puter interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. The user of the puter utilizes a pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and controls. This was a great leap forward from the mand line interface used in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text mands to the puter. Initial Developments The first concept of a windowing system begins with the first realtime graphic display systems for puters, namely the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad. Augmentation of Human Intellect Doug Engelbart’s Augmentation of Human Intellect project at SRI in the 1960s developed the OnLine System, which incorporated a mousedriven cursor and multiple windows. Xerox PARC Engelbart’s work directly led to the advances at Xerox PARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970’s. The Xerox PARC team codified the WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers/pulldown menus) paradigm, first pioneered on the Xerox Alto experimental puter, but which eventually appeared mercially in the Xerox 8010 (’Star’) system in 1981. Apple Lisa and Macintosh Beginning in 1979, led by Jef Raskin, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first mercially successful product to use a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper。 there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired