【正文】 tion between Edgar and Heathcliff. Edgar shows apparent fears, which is laughed at by Heathcliff. 3. The Distorted Relationships in Wuthering Heights: The Crisis of Social Ecology Alienation In the two houses, people are estranged and alienated from each other though they are related to each other. First, there is the estrangement between parents and children. Old Mr. Earnshaw cannot understand his children. So he and his daughter Catherine always irk each other whenever they have any conversations. He reprimands Catherine, saying why she cannot be a good girl, and only getting the reply that why he cannot be a good father. His son Hindley even resents him. Later Hindley also is unable to establish intimate relationship with his son Hareton. Instead, it is to his antagonist Heathcliff that Hareton has a deep emotional attachment. Then there is estrangement between husband and wife. The most typical examples are the estrangements between Edgar and Catherine as well as between Heathcliff and Isabella. Edgar does not understand 9 Catherine all his life. They seem like a happy couple, yet they are strangers to each other in truth. To save their relationship, Edgar chooses to walk away to appease their fury whenever they quarrels. However, the problem remains there. Heathcliff cheats Isabella into marriage in order to revenge. Then he treats his life abominably and his cruelty finally drives Isabella to run away. The estrangement and alienation between Heathcliff and Catherine is shocking since Heathcliff and Catherine have been so intimate that even Hindley’s punishment could not separate them. However, after Catherine accepts the values represented by the civilized Grange, estrangement arises (Burns 31). Heathcliff has a humble status and is dismissed quickly from the presence of the Linton house. Catherine is decorated from head to toe for the first time. Now she is no longer the hatless and barefooted small girl. As a result, Edgar “stood gaping at a distance” (Emily Bronte43). So Catherine is transformed into a lady, who is the product of civilized society. Very soon we see that Catherine begins to date with Edgar and to use class consciousness and worldly values to judge Heathcliff. Up to now, Catherine is inoculated with the worldly value alienated from Heathcliff. She bees hypocritical enough to deny her date with Edgar. The Loss of Self: the Crisis of Spiritual Ecology Catherine and Heathcliff are essentially antisocial because they represent tameless, primordial forces. They are just like the distorted firs and thorns growing on the Heights, whose idiosyncrasies are molded by wild nature. In another word, they are the embodiment of pristine natural nature of human beings because they defy religions, rebel against 10 authorities and love nature and freedom. Catherine and Heathcliff are figures inspired by Emily Bronte’s impulse of nature, the dictates of intuition, and from such stories of observation as their limited experience had enabled them to amass”(Charlotte Bronte xxvi). However, social forces are perating everywhere. “Though Wuthering Heights was a place far from crowding and a perfect misanthropist’s heaven, it had been intruded by industrial civilization” (陳茂林 72). The values of the industrial society are the judgment yardsticks of people and things even in the remote areas of the Northern England where the plots take place. In society, people’s primordial nature is subjected to the discipline of social institutions. Catherine’s wild nature is temporarily tamed by the civilized institutions as she accepts the cultivation of society represented by the Grange. However, she cannot extinguish her strong wild nature. So she finally fasts herself to death in order to regain her wild nature and be herself again because the civilized world at the Grange excludes wild nature as it forbids the shrubs to be in its natural unevenness. Catherine’s Identification with Nature Catherine is a child of nature. Chang Yaoxin aptly explains this term, saying, As for Catherine, she may be a little more than human as her education and background may have prepared her for a “normal” life. She exhibits some vague degree of acquaintance with human values and tastes like decency, passion, vanity, snobbishness, and occasional conformity with accepted morality. But these are by no means deeprooted and can beand are oftenignored. When she is her right self, she is every bit as 11 wild and wayward as her surroundings, and goes way beyond the pale of the established norm… .(常耀信 257). As Catherine is identified with Heathcliff, Heathcliff is also a child of nature. To quote Chang Yaoxin again, “Heathcliff possesses, for example, that intensity of anger that is almost cosmic, and he is indeed a cosmic figure as his whole being does not show the faintest trace of any knowledge of human value”(常耀信 257). After those analysis, Professor Chang concludes that the children represent “the archetypal, elemental force of existence, and body forth emotional abstractions, not the images of ordinary human beings” (常耀信 257). Indeed Catherine indicates her connection with the earth through her dream. She confesses to Nelly, “heaven did not seem to be my home。 Ecocriticism。然而，從生態(tài)批評角度對其進行研究卻寥寥無幾。本文從生態(tài)批評的角度來解讀《呼嘯山莊》中自然與文明的關系，二者之間的相互斗爭，相互交融，最終達到和諧統(tǒng)一的天人合一狀態(tài)。 nature and civilization。 and I broke my heart with weeping to e back to earth。 where I woke sobbing for joy” (Emily Bronte 72). Catherine’s Betrayal of Her Identification Heathcliff and Catherine may wonder freely in the moors. And they may defy the religion by refusing to go to church on Sunday and kicking away religious books, yet they cannot escape from their punishment and has to suffer in the cold black kitchen with an empty stomach.