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基于matlab的虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文(完整版)

  

【正文】 對(duì)《自動(dòng)控制原理》課程中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行計(jì)算、仿真與研究。 現(xiàn)在,借助 MATALB 強(qiáng)大的科學(xué)運(yùn)算功能、靈活的仿真功能( SIMULINK)、便捷的編程功能和 高質(zhì)量的繪圖功能,以及豐富詳盡的控制工具箱( TOOLBOX),可以用圖形顯示和動(dòng)畫顯示的方式使教師和學(xué)生具體地掌握控制理論中的抽象結(jié)論,并可以隨意改變系統(tǒng)參數(shù),觀察系統(tǒng)的性能指標(biāo)的變化,從而對(duì)控制理論有一個(gè)更深刻的理解,并激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)者的開拓意識(shí)和創(chuàng)新精神。用戶不僅可快速獲得特定問題的準(zhǔn)確答案,而且能隨時(shí)對(duì)各類計(jì)算或測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行可視化處理。 3)分析功能: 根據(jù)各種分析需要求出系統(tǒng)的超調(diào)量、調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間等各種時(shí)域性能指標(biāo)或幅值裕度、相位裕 度等頻域性能指標(biāo) 。 8 3 系統(tǒng)的部分模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)與主界面設(shè)計(jì) 建模設(shè)計(jì)思想及目標(biāo) 研究控制系統(tǒng)我 們需要根據(jù)其中物理量的變化,把它們彼此之間相互作用的關(guān)系和各自的變化規(guī)律用數(shù)學(xué)形式描述出來,此即為建模。再次,用 SIMULINK 進(jìn)行仿真,最后,將系統(tǒng)的階躍響應(yīng)曲線畫出。彈簧系統(tǒng)圖如示: 根據(jù)建模方法和設(shè)計(jì)目的,我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出如下所示的框架圖 圖 彈簧小車模型框架圖 根據(jù)模型框架,首先新建一個(gè) GUI(圖形用戶界面),將模塊涉及到的工具 10 箱中的對(duì)象控 件拖至主界面,選擇的控件在按照統(tǒng)一的格式在界面上布置好,然后運(yùn)行,得到相應(yīng)的 M 文件。定義變量,在模型中,由用戶來輸入相應(yīng)的參數(shù),因此必須定義相應(yīng)的全局變量,以便接收用戶在界面上輸入的參數(shù)。 是 否 Plot(t,s)繪制階躍響應(yīng)曲線 否 是 從用戶區(qū)獲得數(shù)據(jù) 開 始 結(jié) 束 14 圖 速度控制系統(tǒng)模型主窗口 根據(jù)模型框架,首先新建一個(gè) GUI(圖形用戶界面),將模塊涉及到的工具箱中的對(duì)象控 件拖至主界面,選擇的控件在按照統(tǒng)一的 格式在界面上布置好,然后運(yùn)行,得到相應(yīng)的 M 文件。由于此模型既可在開環(huán) (圖 )下運(yùn)行,又可以在閉環(huán) (圖 )下運(yùn)行,所以用戶在使用時(shí),必須對(duì)其進(jìn)行選擇,否則,將會(huì)顯示“請(qǐng)?jiān)趨?shù)框中選擇參數(shù)”的提示語(yǔ) !見圖 : 圖 速度控制系統(tǒng)模型主界面(開環(huán)) 圖 速度控制系統(tǒng)模型主界面(沒有選擇) 16 在上述兩個(gè)模型中,在 SIMULINK 仿真的模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)中,我們將與系統(tǒng)方塊圖中相對(duì)應(yīng)的 SIMULINK 中的模塊組合起來,并以創(chuàng)建子模塊的形式將其中的主體模塊封裝到一個(gè)子模塊當(dāng)中,用戶可以通過雙擊子模塊的方式來獲取內(nèi)部模塊的具體信息。而引入的附加裝置即為校正裝置,所以對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行串連校正實(shí)質(zhì)上是選擇合適的校正裝置對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行校正,使系統(tǒng)的性能附合設(shè)計(jì)的性能指標(biāo)用 根軌跡法對(duì)控制 系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行串連校正,即是根據(jù)已選定的串連校正方法,按照一定規(guī)律確定出校正裝置的參數(shù),進(jìn)而繪制出校正后系統(tǒng)的根軌跡圖,并估計(jì)是否滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。給定前向通道傳遞函數(shù) G(s),反饋通道為 kH(s)的受控對(duì)象(其增益 k 取值為 0~∞)。再計(jì)算使根軌跡通過主導(dǎo)極點(diǎn)ds 所需的補(bǔ)償角 c? , c? =1800 ? 。定義變量,在模型中,由用戶來輸入相應(yīng)的參數(shù),在各個(gè) pushbutton 按鈕下添加完成相應(yīng)功能的代碼。 (3)實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的生成 用戶界面上建立 一個(gè) FIGURE 文件, 并生成 M 文件,再將自己在實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中用到的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康呐c原理、參數(shù),分析的過程以及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果等導(dǎo)入 到實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告中,最后編譯 M 文件程序后 ,完成整個(gè)子系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn) 的調(diào)用 。 我們從四種校正方法中選取一中來說明 ,就選最大法超前校正。 圖形對(duì)象不僅包括界面控件對(duì)象,下拉式菜單對(duì)象和內(nèi)容式菜單對(duì)象,而且還 包括圖形、坐標(biāo)軸、線條、曲面、文本和它們的子對(duì)象。 ? gca 獲得當(dāng)前圖形窗口內(nèi)當(dāng)前坐標(biāo)軸的句柄值。 4)仿真模型: 這個(gè)部分包括了三個(gè)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P?,其分別是機(jī)械,電路和自動(dòng)化模 型,在其各自的窗口中我們可以通過圖形用戶界面很方便的了解自動(dòng)化控制中幾個(gè)比較典型的模型,對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)自動(dòng)化理論的用戶來說是相當(dāng)方便的。Label39。)。,39。,39。模型二:電路模型 (amp。Label39。)。,39。,39。該系統(tǒng)是中文界面, 具有人機(jī)界面友好、結(jié)果可視化的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 我們由實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告生成模塊中知道:實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告包括實(shí)驗(yàn)原理與目的(圖 )、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟(圖 )、和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(圖 和圖 )。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)建模這一塊我們重在介紹如何通過 MATLAB 工具求取系統(tǒng)每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)傳遞函數(shù),然后通過一定的算法得到總傳遞函數(shù)。 當(dāng)然在這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中我們也有許多不足之處:由于在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)初期全局考慮不夠 周全,把實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的生成考慮的不夠細(xì)致,導(dǎo)致在最后生成實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告時(shí),不得不把實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告部分安排在每個(gè)分析實(shí)驗(yàn)的界面之下;本來打算把編寫的軟件 36 進(jìn)行打包生成可執(zhí)行文件,由于時(shí)間倉(cāng)促也沒有實(shí)現(xiàn);關(guān)于 MATLAB 與 C 語(yǔ)言等其他高級(jí)語(yǔ)言的接口問題也沒有涉及,總之本實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)也還有較多的需要完善的地方。 要真正實(shí)現(xiàn)基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的遠(yuǎn)程實(shí)驗(yàn)、仿真、數(shù) 據(jù)分析等,非常困難。 其次,我要感謝的是我的同伴 —— 陶睿同學(xué),本系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)由我們共同完成。 39 附錄 一 英文科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯 英文原文 : Linearized Dynamic Models EXAMPLES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS Control systems exist in a virtually infinite, both in type of application and level of sophistication. The heating system and the water heater in a house are systems in which only the sign of the difference between desired and actual temperatures is used for control. If the temperature drops below a set value, a constant heat is switched on, to be switched off again when the temperature rises above a set maximum. Variations of such relay or onoff control systems, sometimes quite sophisticated, are very mon in practice because of their relatively low cost. In the nature of such control systems, the controlled variable will oscillate continuously between maximum and minimum limits. For many applications the control is not sufficiently smooth or accurate. In the Power steering of a car, the controlled variable or system output is the angle of the front wheels, it must follow the system input, the angle of the steering wheel, as closely as possible but at a much higher Power level. In the Process industries, including refineries and chemical plants, there are many temperatures and level to be held to usually constant values in the presence of various disturbance. of an electric power generation Plant, controlled values of voltage and frequency are outputs, but inside such a plant there are again many temperatures, levels, pressures, and, other variables to be controlled. In aerospace, the control of aircraft, missiles, and satellites is an area of often very advanced system. One Classification of control systems Is the following: 1. Process control or regulator systems: The controlled variable, or output, must be held as close as possible to a usually constant desired value, or input, despite any disturbances. 2. Servomechanisms: The input varies and the output must be made to follow it as closely as possible. Power steering is One example of the second class, equivalent to systems for positioning control surfaces on aircraft. Automated manufacturing machinery, such as numerically controlled machine tools, uses servos extensively for the control of positions or speeds. This last example brings to mind the distinction between continuous and discrete systems. The latter are inherent in the use of digital puters for control. The classification into linear nonlinear control systems should also be mentioned at this point. Analysis and design are in general much simpler for the former, to which most of this book is devoted. Yet most systems bee nonlinear if the variables more over wide enough ranges. The importance in practice of linear techniques relies on linearization based on the assumption that the variables stay close enough to a given operating point. OPENLOOP CONTROL AND CLOSEDLOOP CONTROL To introduce the subject, it is useful to consider an example. In , let it be desired to maintain the actual water level in the tank as close as possible to a desired level. The desired level will be called the system input, and the actual level the controlled or system output. Water flows from the tank via valve Vo and enters the 40 tank a supply via a control valve Vc. The control valve is adjustable, either manually or by some type of actuator. This may be an electric motor or a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder. Very often it would be pneumatic diaphragm actuator, indicated in Fig 2. Increasing the pneumatic pressure above the diaphragm pushes it down against a spring a
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