【正文】 ine motor skills.l Both processes occur in a cephalocaudal fashion?Head control preceding arm and hand control?Followed by leg and foot control.Gross Motor Developmentl Newborn: barely able to lift headl 6 months: easily lifts head, chest and upper abdomen and can bear weight on armsHead Control Newborn Age 6 monthsSitting upl 2months old: needs assistancel 6 months old: can sit alone in the tripod positionl 8 months old: can sit without support and engage in playSitting UpAge 2 months Age 8 monthsAmbulationl 9 month old: crawll 1 year: stand independently from a crawl positionl 13 month old: walk and toddle quicklyl 15 month old: can runAmbulation13 month oldNine to 12monthsFine Motor Infantl Newborn has very little control. Objects will be involuntarily grasped and dropped without notice.l 6 month old: palmar grasp – uses entire hand to pick up an objectl 9 month old: pincer grasp – can grasp small objects using thumb and forefingerSpeech Milestonesl 12 months: coosl 26 months: laughs and squealsl 89 months babbles: mama/dada as soundsl 1012 months: “mama/dada specific l 1820 months: 20 to 30 words – 50% understood by strangersl 2224 months: two word sentences, 50 words, 75% understood by strangersl 3036 months: almost all speech understood by strangersHearingl BAER hearing test done at birthl Ability to hear correlates with ability enunciate words properlyl Always ask about history of otitis media – ear infection, placement of PET – tubes in earl Early referral to MD to assess for possible fluid in ears (effusion) l Repeat hearing screening testl Speech therapist as neededFine Motor Development6monthold12montholdRed Flags in infant developmentl Unable to sit alone by age 9 monthsl Unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by age 1 yearl Abnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15 monthsl Unable to walk alone by 18 monthsl Failure to speak recognizable words by 2 years.Fine Motor toddlerl 1 year old: transfer objects from hand to handl 2 year old: can hold a crayon and color vertical strokes?Turn the page of a book?Build a tower of six blocks Fine Motor – Older Toddlerl 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross – build using small blocksl 4 year old: use scissors, color within the bordersl 5 year old: write some letters and draw a person with body partsToddlerAdele Piliterri, Child Health Nursing, LippincottToddlerSafety bees a problem asthe toddler bees moremobile.Pilliterri, LippincottToddlersIssues in parenting toddlersl Stranger anxiety – should dissipate by age 2 189。 sensorymotor。 assimilate。or? interpersonalagilityunderstands own bodily movements. l This intelligence challenges the popular belief that mental and physical activity are unrelated. l The ability to use your body skillfully to solve problems, create products or present ideas and emotions. l An ability obviously displayed for athletic pursuits, dancing, acting, artistically, or in building and construction. l You can include surgeons in this category but many people who are physically talented–good with their hands–don39。intelligencenotimagesone局限：由于這種研究在環(huán)境上的開放性，因而很難對有些無關變量進行很理想的控制，樣本的代表性也不易控制在具體的研究中，究竟采用實驗室實驗還是采用現(xiàn)場實驗，要根據(jù)研究的具體目的來決定：對那些不易受場景影響，又需要對其過程進行嚴密控制的心理過程，用實驗室實驗的方式比較好；對于兒童的某些社會行為的研究應用現(xiàn)場實驗法更合適。（一）實驗室實驗：是在專門的實驗室內(nèi)，利用專門的儀器和設備，對兒童的心理發(fā)展所進行的研究，關于兒童的各種認知能力，如感覺、知覺、已憶、思維等心理過程多用實驗室方法進行。如果不當，會達不到預期效果，對被試有書面語能力的要求。復演說有其正確的一面，因為我們在個體心理發(fā)展的過程中確實看到了一些返祖現(xiàn)象。狹義發(fā)展心理學 即 個體發(fā)展心理學 ，是關于人的個體從受精卵開始到出生、成熟、直至衰老的生命全程中心理發(fā)生、發(fā)展特點和規(guī)律的科學。l 零歲出場亮相 十歲天天向上 二十遠大理想 三十到處吃香 四十奮發(fā)圖強 五十開始走樣 六十衣錦還鄉(xiāng) 七十打打麻將 八十曬曬太陽 ,九十躺在床上 ,一百歲肯定掛在墻上。兒童發(fā)展的特點l 發(fā)展的基礎性l 發(fā)展的遞進性l 發(fā)展的易感性兒童發(fā)展的特點l 發(fā)展的基礎性l 發(fā)展的遞進性l 發(fā)展的易感性兒童發(fā)展的特點l 發(fā)展的基礎性l 發(fā)展的遞進性l 發(fā)展的易感性兒童發(fā)展的特點l 發(fā)展的基礎性l 發(fā)展的遞進性l 發(fā)展的易感性 兒童發(fā)展的概念l 發(fā)展的基礎性l 發(fā)展的遞進性l 發(fā)展的易感性年齡領域第二節(jié) 兒童發(fā)展研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀.兒童發(fā)展和人類發(fā)展心理的種系發(fā)展廣義發(fā)展心理學 狹義 發(fā)展心理學心理的種族發(fā)展個體心理發(fā)展（生 → 死）研究個體從受精卵開始到出生、到成熟、直至衰老的生命全程中心理發(fā)生、發(fā)展的特點和規(guī)律的科學。l 兒童和青少年時期的心理發(fā)展復演了人類進化過 程 ① 階段：乳兒期復演了從動物到人的進化； ② 8歲前的兒童復演著原始人的漁獵時代； ③ 812歲 兒童期復演由蒙昧時代向文明時代的過渡時期 ④ 少年期 復演了中世紀人類的特征； ⑤ 青年期 復演了近代風云變幻的人類特征。根據(jù)訪談內(nèi)容和過程是否有統(tǒng)一要求和結構：結構訪談、非結構訪談根據(jù)是否借助一定的中介物：直接訪談和間接訪談優(yōu)點：較針對性地收集證據(jù)，情境自然缺點：訪談結果的準確性和有效性受到訪談者自身條件的限制，費時多，對訪談結果進行量化的難度也較大三、問卷法 是研究者用同一設計的問卷來搜集兒童心理和行為資料的方法? 問題是問卷的核心。優(yōu)點：測驗量表的編制嚴謹，結果處理方便，由于一些常模的存在，可以直接進行對比研究。（二）現(xiàn)場實驗：是在現(xiàn)實的真實環(huán)境中，對兒童心理發(fā)展狀況所進行的研究。s theory may be questioned as to whether his stages must be regarded as sequential, and only occurring within the age ranges he suggests. There is debate as to whether people only search for identity during the adolescent years or if one stage needs to happen before other stages can be pleted.Theory of Behaviorism Skinner othersBased on Locke’s tabula rasa (“clean slate”) idea, Skinner theorized that a child is an “empty anism” that is, an empty vessel waiting to be filled through learning experiences. Any behavior can be changed through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorism is based on causeandeffect relationships. Pavlo39。andproblems. lThisnotesblindmusicalofhimthehethrough conservatism。 concrete operations。 22:18:3622:18:3622:18Friday, April 02, 20231乍 見 翻疑夢，相悲各 問 年。 四月 2122:18:3622:18Apr2102Apr211世 間 成事，不求其 絕對圓滿 ，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 22:18:3622:18:3622:184/2/2023 10:18:36 PM11。 四月 21四月 2122:18:3622:18:36April 02, 20231意志 堅 強 的人能把世界放在手中像泥 塊 一 樣 任意揉捏。 02 四月 202310:18:36 下午 22:18:36四月 211比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。s basic needs are as follows: Physiological Needsl Foodl Airl Waterl Clothingl SexBasic Human NeedsSafety Needsl Protectionl Stability l Pain Avoidancel Routine/Order Safety and Security Social Needsl Affectionl Acceptancel InclusionLove and B