【正文】 ta is collected concurrently What logistical issues are relevant? Who will collect data? Where is the data located? When will it be collected? What additional assistance is required? What you want to do with the data? Used daily, weekly,etc. Identify trends in the process data Identify deficiencies in the process Demonstrate current process performance Identify variation is a process Identify a cause and effect relationship Develop a Measurement Plan Types of Data ? Before data collections starts, classify the data into different types:continuous or is important because it will: – Provide a choice of data display and analysis tools – Dictate sample size calculation – Provide performance or cause information – Determine the appropriate control chart to use – Determine the appropriate method for calculation of 6s Continuous Measured on a continuum Objective ?Time ?Money ?Weight ?Length Subjective ?Satisfaction ?Agreement ?Extent ?Type of error Discrete Count or categories Objective ?Count defects ? approved ? of errors ?Type of document Subjective ?Yes / No ?Categories ?Service performance rating(good,poor) ?Satisfaction ?Agreement Two Basics Types of Data ? Continuous or variable datameasured on a continuum or scale. Usually continuous measures can be divided into parts and still make sense. For example: – Time can be divided into days, hours, minutes, or seconds (cycle time) – Money can logically be divided or specified in increments (sales, costs, losses) – Satisfaction if measured with a continuous scale,( dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, satisfied, very satisfied)can logically be calculated and expressed in an average level of satisfaction on a scale. ? Discrete, categorical or attribute datameasured by example: – Defects(yes/no,approved/disapproved,pass/fail,met customer requirement/did not meet customer requirement) – Categories(days of the weed, locations, type of customer, type of product, risklow/medium/high) – Satisfaction(poor/fair/good/excellent or dissatisfied/satisfied) Cause Data Performance Data ? Descriptive ? Focus on Results ? Helps establish a baseline ? Measures performance of a process ? Should be collected first Cause Data ? Focuses on why process performs the way it does ? Helps identify potential root causes ? Collect this type of data to explain performance problems ? Cause data, on the other hand, focuses on why the process performs as it does. Cause data supports problem solving by helping to isolate root causes of problems. ? Don’ t assume, however, that you shouldn’ t gather cause data and performance data at the same time. Remember, resourcefulness is one of the keys to effective data collection. Sometimes, you’ ll know enough about potential causes to measure performance and isolate potential causes at the same time. ? Most of the time, however, you won’ t know enough about potential causes until you’ ve determined your processes current performance level. Be prepared to document current performance first, then brainstorm potential causes and collect additional data related to those causes at a later date. Performance and Cause Data Step 2: Develop a Measurement Plan Each Six Sigma improvement team should plete a measurement plan that contains the following information: Example:Cycle time for loan application processing How will data be used? How will data be displayed? ?Identification of the Largest Contributors ?Identifying of Data is Normally Distributed ?Identifying Sigma Level and Variation ?Root Cause Analysis ?Correlation Analysis ?Pareto Chart ?Histrogram ?Control Chart ?Scatter Diagrams Performance measure operational Definition Data Source and Location Sample Size Who Will Collect the Data When Will Data be Collected How Will Data be Collected Other Data that should be Collected at the same time Time to process a loan application Fax date,time Decision fax date, time Loan applications Representative fax center 289 Tim Smith Dave Mann During the first weed of the month, 10/1/99 to 10/7/99 Randomly selected from September ‘99 Type of loan Amount of loan Dealer Time of day Day of week Step 2: Develop Data Measurement Plan ? Example: Cycle time for loan application processing Performance measure operational Definition Data Source and Location Sample Size Who Will Collect the Data When Will Data be Collected How Will Data be Collected Other Data that should be Collected at the same time Time to process a loan application Fax date,time Decision fax date, time Loan applications Representative fax center 289 Tim Smith Dave Mann During the first weed of the month, 10/1/99 to 10/7/99 Randomly selected from September ‘99 Type of loan Amount of loan Dealer Time of day Day of week Considerations for other data that should be collected at the same time: ? How will you display the data? ? What do you want to do with the data after it is collected? ? How do you want to stratify the data? ? What data might you need to identify and verify root cause? Data collection is a balance between time money and accuracy (getting the data you need). Step 3: Collect Data ? Follow the plan—note any deviations from the plan ? Consistency—avoid bias ? Observe data collection Discussion on Data Collection Experience Obtaining the Measurements ? The data collected will only be as good as the collection system itself. In order to assure timely and accurate data, the collection method should be simple to use and understand.