【正文】 n a Web page, a graphic advertising display linked to the advertiser’s Web pagespot buying: The purchase of goods and services as they are needed, usually at prevailing market pricesstrategic (systematic) sourcing:Purchases involving longterm contracts that usually are based on private negotiations between sellers and buyersdirect materials:Materials used in the production of a product (., steel in a car or paper in a book)indirect materials:Materials used to support production (., office supplies or light bulbs)MRO (maintenance, repair, and operation) :Indirect materials used in activities that support productionvertical marketplaces:Markets that deal with one industry or industry segment (., steel, chemicals)horizontal marketplaces:Markets that concentrate on a service, material, or a product that is used in all types of industries procurement management:The planning, organizing, and coordinating of all the activities relating to purchasing goods and services needed to acplish the organization’s missionmaverick buying:Unplanned purchases of items needed quickly, often at non–prenegotiated higher priceseprocurement:The electronic acquisition of goods and services for organizationsinternal procurement marketplace:The aggregated catalogs of all approved suppliers bined into a single internal electronic catalogbartering exchange:An intermediary that links parties in a barter。 the backbone of most eselling sites； search：The practice of identifying and enabling specific content across the enterprise to be indexed, searched, and displayed to authorized users； search：Search tools that search the contents of a user’s or organization’s puter files, rather than searching the Internet； engine：A puter program that can access databases of Internet resources, search for specific information or keywords, and report the results； shopping cart：An orderprocessing technology that allows customers to accumulate items they wish to buy while they continue to shop；：A petitive process in which a seller solicits consecutive bids from buyers (forward auctions) or a buyer solicits bids from sellers (backward auctions). Prices are determined dynamically by the bids； auctions (eauctions)：Auctions conducted online； auction：An auction in which a seller entertains bids from buyers. Bidders increase price sequentially； auction (bidding or tendering system)：Auction in which the buyer places an item for bid (tender) on a request for quote (RFQ) system, potential suppliers bid on the job, with the price reducing sequentially, and the lowest bid wins。 primarily a B2B or G2B mechanism；25.“nameyourownprice” model：Auction model in which a wouldbe buyer specifies the price (and other terms) he or she is willing to pay to any willing and able seller. It is a C2B model that was pioneered by ； auction：An auction in which multiple buyers and their bidding prices are matched with multiple sellers and their asking prices, considering the quantities on both sides；：The exchange of goods and services； (electronic bartering)：Bartering conducted online, usually in a bartering exchange； exchange：A marketplace in which an intermediary arranges barter transactions；:A personal Web site that is open to the public to read and to interact with。 a pany submits its surplus to the exchange and receives points of credit, which can be used to buy the items that the pany needs from other exchange participantsdesktop purchasing:Direct purchasing from internal marketplaces without the approval of supervisors and without the intervention of a procurement departmentgroup purchasing:The aggregation of orders from several buyers into volume purchases so that better prices can be negotiatedconsortium trading exchange (CTE) :An exchange formed and operated by a group of major panies in an industry to provide industrywide transaction servicespartner relationship management (PRM) :Business strategy that focuses on providing prehensive quality service to business partnerssupply chain:The flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customerssupply chain:A supply chain that is managed electronically, usually with Web technologiesprocurement:The process made up of a range of activities by which an organization obtains or gains access to the resources (materials, skills, capabilities, facilities) they require to undertake their core business activitiessupply chain management (SCM) :A plex process that requires the coordination of many activities so that the shipment of goods and services from supplier right through to customer is done efficiently and effectively for all parties concerned. SCM aims to minimize inventory levels, optimize production and increase throughput, decrease manufacturing time, optimize logistics and distribution, streamline order fulfillment, and overall reduce the costs associated with these activitiesesupply chain management (eSCM) :The collaborative use of technology to improve the operations of supply chain activities as well as the management of supply chainsbullwhip effect:Erratic shifts in order up and down supply chainsradio frequency identification (RFID) :Tags that can be attached to or embedded in objects, animals, or humans and u