【正文】 xpandable Hepatocytes ? Pengyu Huang， Ludi Zhang， Yimeng Gao， Zhiying He, Dan Yao, Zhitao Wu, Jin Cen, Xiaotao Chen1, Changcheng Liu, Yiping Hu, Dongmei Lai, Zhenlei Hu, Li Chen, Ying Zhang, Xin Cheng, Xiaojun Ma, Guoyu Pan, Xin Wang, Lijian From Cell Stem Cell The generation of large numbers of functional human hepatocytes for cellbased approaches to liver disease is an important and unmet goal. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to hepatic lineages could offer a solution to this problem but so far has only been achieved with mouse cells. Summary hepatocytes, 肝（實(shí)質(zhì)）細(xì)胞 fibroblasts，纖維原細(xì)胞 lineages， 血統(tǒng)，世系 Here, we generated human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of FOXA3, HNF1A, and HNF4A. hiHeps express hepatic gene programs, can be expanded in vitro（體外） , and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. lentiviral，慢病毒（載體） Biliary，膽汁的 Upon transplantation into mice with concanavalinAinduced acute liver failure and fatal metabolic liver disease due to fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase (Fah) deficiency, hiHeps restore the liver function and prolong survival. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful lineage conversion of nonhepatic human cells into mature hepatocytes with potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. concanavalin，伴刀豆球蛋白 metabolic，代謝的 fumarylacetoacetate dehydrolase， 延胡索酰 乙酰 乙酸 水解酶 第三章 應(yīng)用文體的英譯 第一節(jié) 書信文件的英譯 第二節(jié) 產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書的英譯 第三節(jié) 圖表的英譯 2學(xué)時(shí) qq:1054482454 第一節(jié) 書信文件的英譯 一 、 信件的種類 私人信件 personal letter 申請(qǐng)和推薦信 letter of application and letter of remendation 學(xué)術(shù)邀請(qǐng)和出訪信 letter of invitation and letter for visit 祝賀信 letter of congratulation 商業(yè)書信 business letter (信內(nèi)地址 ) 稱呼和姓名 單位名稱 地址 （ 信頭 ） 寄信人通信地址 寫信日期 正文 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 簽名 ? Could you please send me …… ? 請(qǐng)您寄給我一份 …… ？ ? I look forward to hearing from you soon. 盼復(fù) ? If you need any other information concerning my background, … 如果你需要有關(guān)我的學(xué)習(xí)等其他情況 … ? Enclosed …… please find 隨信附上 …… 查收 ? Encl: One application form 后附一張申請(qǐng)表 ? If needed… .（ If need be…… ） 如果需要的話 ? Please let me know… .請(qǐng)告 … 申請(qǐng)信常用語(yǔ)句： ? Please tell me whether or not you are in a position to host me. 請(qǐng)告訴你是否能接受我 。 祝賀信： 目的是與客戶取得聯(lián)系 ， 建立業(yè)務(wù) ， 達(dá)成交易： ? We are interested in various kinds of … .. instruments. 我方欲購(gòu)買 …… 的各類儀器 ? Please furnish us with a catalogue and the price list, if ， 請(qǐng)寄給我方商品目錄和價(jià)格單 。 there are no user serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualified service personnel. Use only the remended accessories. CAUTION: ? Provide appropriate justifications ? Include necessary warnings and cautions. 表中所示數(shù)字為近似值。 要降低起火、電擊或產(chǎn)品損壞的危險(xiǎn)，請(qǐng)勿將本設(shè)備暴露于雨中、潮濕、滴水或?yàn)R水的環(huán)境，并確保勿將盛滿液體的物品（如花瓶）放在本設(shè)備上。 該使用手冊(cè)僅描述了安裝、連接和啟動(dòng)程序。 本設(shè)備應(yīng)當(dāng)安設(shè)在電源插座附近，以便電源插頭或者設(shè)備的聯(lián)接器，能夠更容易地插入電源插座中。 ? …… .shall be pleased to learn whether you require…… 愿了解你方是否需要 …… ? …… should you have any interest in …… 履歷表RESUME Name in full姓 名 Party affiliation黨派關(guān)系 surname/ family name姓 Religion宗 教 first name名 Nationality/citizenshi國(guó) 籍 sex (female or male)；性別 plexion 膚色 Date of birth出生日期 color of hair頭發(fā)顏色 Place of birth出生地點(diǎn) color of eyes眼睛顏色 Martial status婚姻狀況 height身高 married已婚 Children子 女 single單身 Firm公 司 divorced 離婚 Position職 位 separated分居 Education學(xué) 歷 residential address居住地址 Foreign language外 語(yǔ) Present address目前通訊地址 Reference證明人 Permanent address永久通訊地址 financial support經(jīng)濟(jì)擔(dān)保 home telephone number家庭電話號(hào)碼 years at each年限 business telephone number單位電話號(hào)碼 present citizenship目前國(guó)籍 home address 家庭住址； file檔案號(hào) an immigrant visa petition移民簽證申請(qǐng) visa class簽證類別 nonimmigrant visa application非移民簽證申請(qǐng)表； date passport issued護(hù)照簽發(fā)日期 condition for visitor entry旅游入境條件； the exchange visitor訪問(wèn)學(xué)者 professional employment history專業(yè)簡(jiǎn)歷； Work experience工作簡(jiǎn)歷 two recent passportsize photographs of each applicant每個(gè)申請(qǐng)人的兩張與護(hù)照上尺寸相同的照片； 第二節(jié) 產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書的英譯 Instruction(s) Operation Manual(s) 安裝 installation 使用 usage 維修 maintenance 參考書：實(shí)用英語(yǔ)寫作（ PRACTICAL WRITING）何小平，中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)出版社， 1997： p117125 Instructions說(shuō)明書 Type of instructions Examples of Common Use Direct the assembly of construction of objects or mechanisms物體或機(jī)械裝置的裝配說(shuō)明 ?Install automatic washing machine ?Assemble a personal puter ?Construct a portable clothes cabi Direct the operation of equipment設(shè)備操作說(shuō)明 ?Operate a sewing machine ?Use micrometer to determine size Direct the implementation of a process工藝過(guò)程說(shuō)明 ?Identify a shoddy electric application ?Conduct randomsample survey Manuals手冊(cè) Manuals are very long instructions with a few sections added to provide background and to answer anticipated questions from users. A manual should contain: title page封面 , pagination頁(yè)碼 , introduction(methods of using the manual and overview of the manual)引言 , theory of operation操作理論 , training section(basic operations, terminology術(shù)語(yǔ) , and sample applications), stepbystep instructions, maintenance, and summary of steps. 產(chǎn)品的具體特性 注意事項(xiàng) cautions 基本原理 general principle 結(jié)構(gòu) structure 安裝調(diào)整步驟 installation and adjustment 使用 usage 維護(hù) maintenance 故障排除 trouble shooting 備件單 auxiliary parts specificat