【正文】 engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a highrise buildings, highrise tower and mastspan bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology. In the longterm civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements。由此土木工程技術(shù)得到了飛速的發(fā)展。于是在大江、海峽上架起大橋，在地面上建造起摩天大樓和高聳鐵塔，甚至在地面下鋪設(shè)鐵路，創(chuàng)造出前所未有的奇跡。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗裂性能、剛度和承載能力，大大高于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，因而用途更為廣闊。它所建造的工程設(shè)施反映出各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成為社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的見(jiàn)證之一。現(xiàn)代土木工程不斷地為人類(lèi)社會(huì)創(chuàng)造嶄新的物質(zhì)環(huán)境，成為人類(lèi)社會(huì)現(xiàn)代文明的重要組成部分。例如，地基基礎(chǔ)、隧道及地下工程的受力和變形的狀態(tài)及其隨時(shí)間的變化，至今還需要參考工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析判斷。例如，建造了高層建筑、高聳塔桅和大跨橋梁等，工程的抗風(fēng)和抗震問(wèn)題突出了，才能發(fā)展出這方面的新理 論和技術(shù)。在早期，土木工程是通過(guò)工程實(shí)踐，總結(jié)成功 VII 的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，尤其是吸取失敗的教訓(xùn)發(fā)展起來(lái)的。后來(lái)，人們?yōu)榱诉m應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、生產(chǎn)和生活以及宗教傳播的需要，興建了城池、運(yùn)河 、宮殿、寺廟以及其他各種建筑物?；炷恋某霈F(xiàn)給建筑物帶來(lái)了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的工程結(jié)構(gòu)形式，使土木工程產(chǎn)生了新的施工技術(shù)和工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)理論。施工機(jī)械、施工技術(shù)和施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的理論也隨之發(fā)展，土木工程從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上升成為科學(xué)，在工程實(shí)踐和基礎(chǔ)理論方面都面貌一新，從而促成了土木 工程更迅速的發(fā)展。 鋼材的大量應(yīng)用是土木工程的第二次飛躍。每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)新的優(yōu)良的建筑材料時(shí)，土木工程就 會(huì)有飛躍式的發(fā)展。s mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to bee science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nieenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has e out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easytoconcrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nieenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete posite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering. From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been prestressed concrete. Prestressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant histo