外文翻譯----美國農(nóng)作物保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(完整版)
【正文】 left only the crop insurance program that could be tapped for savings. The debate over how much to take away from the crop insurance program provided many with their first detailed reason to understand a program that has grown tremendously since 2020. The stakes of those with vested interests in the program are now in the billions of dollars annually, which makes change more difficult than when the stakes were in the millions of dollars. Not surprisingly, those with a large vested interest in the crop insurance program came out largely unscathed in the 2020 farm bill. Although supporters of the program lament the large cuts that crop insurance took, the cuts really only took away a small portion of the gains that accrue to its beneficiaries. One unforeseen oute of the strength of the crop insurance industry in protecting its interests is that the new insurance program that was passed in the farm bill will be operated pletely by the Farm Service Agency (FSA) instead of by the Risk Management Agency (RMA). The new program, called ACRE (Average Crop Revenue Election), will not be integrated into the existing crop insurance program because such integration would have meant less risk being handled by the crop insurance industry. The remainder of this chapter provides a political/economic analysis of why the United States finds itself with two crop insurance programs and an exploration of the possibly large, unintended consequences of having both programs. The explanation for why we have both programs lies, not surprisingly, in Congress trying to find an oute that would give a diverse set of interest groups what they want, while providing the necessary funds for expanded nutrition programs, which was a major objective of House leadership. The large unintended consequences that could be brought about by ACRE include the likely demise of the marketing loan and countercyclical programs, increased risk that the United States will violate its amber box limits, and in the nottoodistant future, a plete change in the way that US crop insurance is delivered to farmers. Background on the US Crop Insurance Program The US crop insurance program has two broad public policy objectives: help farmers manage financial risk and eliminate the need for Congress to pass supplemental ad hoc disaster assistance programs. To meet these twin objectives, Congress reformed the program in 2020 with the Agricultural Risk Protection Act (ARPA). The reform was justified by President Clinton in his statement upon signing the Agricultural Risk Protection Act (ARPA) of 2020: “I have heard many farmers say that the crop insurance program was simply not good value for them, providing too little coverage for too much money. My FY 2020 budget proposal and this bill directly address that problem by making higher insurance coverage more affordable, which should also mitigate the need for ad hoc crop loss disaster assistance such as we have seen for the last three years.” And in 2020 testimony before the House Submittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies, former USDA under secretary . Penn said, “One of the overarching goals of the crop insurance program has been the reduction or elimination of ad hoc disaster assistance.” By all accounts, Congress has seemingly succeeded in its objective to help farmers manage risk. Coverage is provided to more than 350 modities in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. And more than 80% of eligible acres are now insured under the program. However, this success has e at a high cost. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projections made in 2020 indicate that the crop insurance program will cost taxpayers an average of more than $5 billion per year for the next 5 years, which is about double what the program would have cost without the reform. Actual expenditures will be much higher if crop prices stay high. One might be able to justify this additional cost if the second objective of the program had been met also. But passage of ACRE and a permanent disaster program in the new farm bill indicates
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