外文翻譯--在中歐和東歐，外商直接投資和生產(chǎn)力的聚集--行業(yè)水平的調(diào)查(完整版)
【正文】 ns for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries. On the other hand, Zhang (2020) and Choe (2020) analyses the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang uses data for 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Using cointegration and Granger causality tests,Zhang (2020) finds that in five cases economic growth is enhanced by FDI but that host country conditions such as trade regime and macroeconomic stability are important. According to the findings of Choe (2020), causality between economic growth and FDI runs in either direction but with a tendency towards growth causing FDI。這是因?yàn)榭鐕?guó)公司在技術(shù)上是最先進(jìn)的企業(yè)，將較大數(shù)額花費(fèi)在研究與發(fā)展上及使用更好的管理做法。例如，王（ 1990 年）表明增加有效的知識(shí)應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)可認(rèn)為是外商直接投資的作用。 吸收能力的概念可以通過擴(kuò)展簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)證模型勾勒出上述包括解釋變量主體間的相互作用。特別是地方企業(yè)吸收國(guó)外的知識(shí)的能力，可以依賴他們自身的創(chuàng)新工作（見 Cohen 和Levinthal， 1989 年）。 對(duì)截面研究的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是，他們的結(jié)果是不太可能出現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)的周期性變動(dòng)。這是因?yàn)樵诿姘骞潭ㄐ?yīng)包含的內(nèi)容有助于控制各個(gè)考慮對(duì)象之間的異質(zhì)性，使其沒有遺漏嚴(yán)重的偏差問題。更具體地說，在勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率年均增長(zhǎng)對(duì)解釋變量設(shè)定的速度滯后時(shí)期，我們利用虛擬變量建立回歸方程。但是，它是合理的預(yù)期，這一戰(zhàn)略可能減少困擾截面估計(jì)的傳統(tǒng)偏見。這些特點(diǎn)使得該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可能是國(guó)家最先進(jìn)的跨國(guó)家和跨行業(yè)比較的數(shù)據(jù)來源。該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，行業(yè)細(xì)分和在歐盟 KLEMS 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中是一致的。 另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)資源采用的是對(duì)歐洲中部，東部和東南部的外商直接投資 WIIW 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（見 Hunya 和 Schwarzhappel， 2020 年）。該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)涵蓋了從 1995 年起歐洲中部和東部的歐盟成員國(guó)。必須指出的是，我們的樣本是來自不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的跨行業(yè)研究，因?yàn)樗扔袊?guó)家和行業(yè)層面，這使得它可以作為國(guó)家和行業(yè)的虛擬變量進(jìn)行估計(jì)。鑒于上述考慮，我們實(shí)證研究將依靠這兩種方法，其中的細(xì)節(jié)摘要如下。Carkovic 和 Levine， 2020 年）。 Mankiw， Romer 和 Weil， 1992 年）或非重疊的平均數(shù)形式（如Borensztein， 1998 年。 Borensztein（ 1998 年）和 Balasubramanyan（ 1999 年 ）確認(rèn)外商直接投資和人力資本的 質(zhì)量之間的聯(lián)系。在某種程度上這些流量轉(zhuǎn)化為技術(shù)進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)力增長(zhǎng)取決于該部門和國(guó)家的吸收能力。此成本隨外國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的股份運(yùn)行，反映在追趕的過程模擬下降可能性，并與發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家呈負(fù)相關(guān)的技術(shù)差距。第四，不同性質(zhì)的國(guó)家，行業(yè)和時(shí)間方面的一些主要調(diào)查結(jié)果。 there is little evidence that FDI causes host country growth. Rapid economic growth could result in an increase in FDI inflows. There is further study done by Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2020) which examine the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth by using an innovative econometric methodology to study the direction of causality between the two variables. The study involves time series data covering the period from 1969 to 2020 for three developing countries, namely Chile, Malaysia and Thailand, all of them major recipients of FDI with different history of macroeconomic episodes, policy regimes and growth patterns. Their 6 empirical findings clearly suggest that it is GDP that causes FDI in the case of Chile and not vice versa while for both Malaysia and Thailand, there is a strong evidence of a bidirectional causality between the two variables. The robustness of the above findings is confirmed by the use of a bootstrap test employed to test the validity of the result. In addition, Frimpong and Abayie (2020) examine the causal link between FDI and GDP growth for Ghana for the pre and post structural adjustment program (SAP) periods and the direction of the causality between two variables. Annual time series data covering the period from 1970 to 2020 was used. The study finds no causality between FDI and growth for the total sample period and the preSAP period. FDI however caused GDP growth during the post –SAP period. Finally, Bengoa and SanchezRobles (2020) investigate the relationship between FDI, economic freedom and economic growth using panel data for Latin America. Comparing fixed and random effects estimations they conclude that FDI has a significant positive effect on host country economic growth but similar to Borensztein et al (1998) the magnitude depends on host
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