【正文】 a sense of how the circumstances surrounding a site might axample,the planning of a new road might make the site more accessible and inflate future prices. 3.“ Building place and defining space” This chaper introduces the importance of designing urban form and a succession of places within residential discusses the types of space that we create within the urban environment when we lay out homes and how these spaces should be types of block structure are chaper concludes with a brief explanation about how we should not let these amenity standards dictate the form of our residential areas,and that instead we should start our designs with an aspiration towards creating different types of place within a scheme. DESIGN PLACES Rather than merely stringing out identikit housing along identikit roads,the main challenge for the desingner of a new residential area is to create distinctive places within their notion of a place is something that has plex social connotationswhat one person may regard as a place or places may not match that of anotherbut with reference to design it can refer to a sense of individuality or difference within the environment which forms,urban spaces and human activity. It is possible to be aware of ,and therefore concerned about,places at a whole range of are environmentally,as well as socially or culturally, is influenced not only by enviromenttal factors such as topography,flora and fauna or climate。whilst they are also starting to consider the character of the layout and whether a sense of place will be achieved. The history of housing layout covers a great variety of residential block structures,and their enduring success shows that people can happily live in a wide range of residential settingsso long as the homes are wellconstructed,the munity is stable and the housing environment is well managed. SOME COMMON RESIDENTIAL BLOCK STRUCTURES Although a range of residential block structures have been adopted,some specific forms tend to be more mon than others. Periphery blocks The periphery block was probably the most mon form of block structure until the 1930s when other block structures were experimented recently,however,periphery blocks are suggested for a wide range of contexts as a result of the influence of the publication Responsive Environments(Bentley et ).the basic principle reflects the advice given abovethat the fronts of buildings should face the public realm and the private backs of buildings should face each blocks are then arranged in a deformed grid of streets(figure ).where housing is proposed the periphery street environment to bee the focus for access,public life and social blocks are not only used,however,where houses with private gardens are being considered. Apartments in periphery blocks with shared open space:often,if apartment are developed,semiprivate courtyards are introduced into the centre of the blocks where,for example,planting is introduced,residents can ralax,children can play or washing can be a space allows apartment residents access to outdoor space which is managed for the block as a whole,and which for children and some residents might be preferable to a small private it is possible for nonresidents to enter the courtyards are only available to residents(figures ) Housing in periphery blocks with private gardens and shared open space:periphery blocks may also have housing with private gardens a munal space for play or parking has then been introduced().this is actually a configuration that has a long lineageduring the seventeenth century housing was often arranged in block with service access in the middle of the block acmodating,for example,stables and configuration evolved to a form of back alley access in the nieenth century,whilst today former coach houses are sometimes converted to mews court housing. Apartment in periphery blocks with private gardens and shared open space:alternatively,ground level apartments in periphery blocks can have private gardens to their rear,and then residents who live on other floors have access to a munal space(figure ) All of the above examples demonstrate variation in how private space is considered in a periphery block,but they also allow physical definition of the public realm,as the fronts of these homes face and give a physical form to the street environment. FREE STANDING BLOCKS Since the early twentieth century,apartment in particular have been developed in free standing or point blocks(figure ).the rationale for this is provided by architects from the time who wished to : Provide a form of residential environment that provided air and light to homes Free people from what were regarded as the constraints of the nieenth century Provide new,and unconstrained open spaces around the homes Acmodate the newly popular car(something that the older streets struggled to do) Use new building techniques,technologies and materials Provide more munal ways of living. Today this rationnale still remains revevant in certain contexts。 在編制下一個計劃的基本方程的估值應(yīng)使用： 開發(fā)價值 — 開發(fā)成本 =土地價值可能 計算發(fā)展價值觀 投機性住宅開發(fā)成本相對作為屬性的值是簡單，直接的財產(chǎn)是最終銷售 .預(yù)測這個值是必須有一個明確的意識，當?shù)厥袌鐾惙课萑绾蝺?nèi)，出售價格 有意義的是一個有一點保守的預(yù)測，使值不會成為膨脹，雖然有一個新的趨勢，住房銷售已經(jīng)超過了以前類似的房子被占領(lǐng)輕微溢價。從傳統(tǒng)型商業(yè)邁向體驗型商業(yè) .在零售業(yè)快速發(fā)展階段，只有更加超前與完善的設(shè)計，才能在區(qū)域的同業(yè)競爭中獲得生存能力和發(fā)展機會。這個是影響只有如地形環(huán)境的因素或者沒有，植物和動物或氣候 。 Placeslessness 在住宅環(huán)境的結(jié)果的形式： ? 路環(huán)境，都與他們一起使用和活動有直接關(guān)系； ? 均勻性，并在建筑環(huán)境的標準化 ? 人工合成，懷舊或不真實的或者通過設(shè)計主題 城市建筑物或空間，最終成為不同方案之間的共同。圖片中地面圖紙說明了一個城市形