【正文】
于不乘以荷載系數(shù)的活載和恒載的工作(使用)條件的應(yīng)力與規(guī)定值(使用極限狀態(tài))相比較。但是,應(yīng)該考慮到進行全概率分析的困難。 heaped. The largest selfpropelled scrapers are of 19 m 179。 failure by fatigue。 (4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the putational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from puted stresses ). Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as : (1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure。 黃山 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計 11 (3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure。 and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions. (2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability。 heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horsepowers. Dumpers are probably the monest rubbertyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubbertyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about m 179。此外,由于強度的分布規(guī)律和應(yīng)力的分布規(guī)律之間的相互關(guān)系是困難的。通常采用下面兩種計算方法: 確定性的方法,這種方法采用容許應(yīng)力。 根據(jù)不同的安全度條件,可以把結(jié)構(gòu)驗算所采用的計算方法分成: ( 1) 確定性的方法,在這種方法中,把主要參數(shù)看作非隨機參數(shù)。 結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度 規(guī)范的主要目的是提供一般性的設(shè)計原理和計算方法,以便驗算結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度。 翻斗機可能是使用最為普遍的輪胎式運輸設(shè)備,因為它們還可以被用來送混凝土或者其他建筑材料。 在比較平坦的場地開挖,如果用拉鏟或正鏟挖土機運輸距離太遠(yuǎn)時,則裝有輪胎式的斗式鏟運機就是比不可少的。拉鏟挖土機的工作半徑最大。為了降低土方工程費用,填方量應(yīng)該等于挖方量,而且挖方地點應(yīng)該盡可能靠近土方量相等的填方地點,以減少運輸量和填方的二次搬運。手冊、圖表和微型計算機以及專用程序的使用, 使這種設(shè)計方法更為簡捷有效,而傳統(tǒng)的方法則是把鋼筋混凝土的復(fù)核與單純的設(shè)計分別進行處理。如果干燥過快則會出現(xiàn)表面裂縫,這將有損與混凝土的強度,同時也會影響到水泥水化作用的充分進行。 澆筑混凝土所需要的技術(shù)取決于即將澆筑的構(gòu)件類型,諸如:柱、梁、墻、板、基礎(chǔ),大體積混凝土水壩或者繼續(xù)延長已澆筑完畢并且已經(jīng)凝固的混凝土等。其最終制成品具有較高 的抗壓強度和較低的抗拉強度。 由于鋼筋混凝土截面在均質(zhì)性上與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的木材或鋼的截面存在著差異,因此,需要對結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的基本原理進行修改。一般情況下,除使用混凝土泵澆筑外,混凝土都應(yīng)在水平方向分層澆筑,并使用插入式或表面式高頻電動振搗器搗實。鋼筋混凝土通常是現(xiàn)場澆注的合成材料,它與在工廠中制造的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)梁、柱等不同,因此對于上面所提到的一系列因素必須予以考慮。那是大部分土方是采用窄軌鐵路運輸,在這目前來說是很少采用的。它將幫助他在最短的時間內(nèi)獲得最好的方案。卸都不準(zhǔn)確。一旦鏟運機裝滿,助推拖拉機就回到開挖的地點去幫助下一臺鏟運機。特殊型式的翻斗車包括容量為 4 m179。 破壞不僅僅指結(jié)構(gòu)的整體破壞,而且還指結(jié)構(gòu)不能正常的使用,或者,用更為確切的話來說,把破壞看成是結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)達(dá)到不能繼續(xù)承擔(dān)其設(shè)計荷載的“極限狀態(tài)”。 ( 2) 極限狀態(tài)法,在這種方法中,結(jié)構(gòu)的工作狀態(tài)是以其最大強度為依據(jù)來衡量的。概率法取決于: ( 1) 制作和安裝過程中材料強度的隨機分布(整個結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)性能數(shù)值的分散性); ( 2) 截面和結(jié)構(gòu)幾何尺寸的不確定性(由結(jié)構(gòu)制作和安裝造成的誤差和缺陷而引起的); 對作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活載和恒載的預(yù)測的不確定性; 所采用的近似計算方法有關(guān)的不精確性(實際應(yīng)力與計算應(yīng)力的偏差)。 黃山 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計 6 2 外文翻譯 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mi x is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high pressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its pressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to pensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the position of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two ponents of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and pacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product bees strong, durable, and, in bination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The