【正文】 er (, [account, branch, customer, depositor]) META IF member(t,where) AND member(s,) AND isa(s,variable) THEN member(, path(account) union path(branch) union path (customer) union path(depositor)) META IF member(t,where) THEN member(,[,=,!=,=,=]) META cardinality(where) = 4 以上 ， select, from and where 是定義為集的元變量 。試想，例如， 有人搜集了有關(guān)奧巴馬的不同事件的視頻剪輯 的情況下， 它 可以打包成一個服務(wù) 如 以下的 SCDL描述 ： SELECT v FROM setofimage dataset = ‘mydataset’, video:dataset v event e, INPUT string:[‘sport’,’political’,’academic’] activity WHERE (e) and agent(e,’President Obama’) and category(e,activity) 除了工具和內(nèi)容， 還可能是服務(wù) 。 我們把它 叫做 解決方案（服務(wù)）的能力。 （ 3） 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 要 適應(yīng)各種供應(yīng)商和消費者， 使對于問題有解決方案的人愿意作為一個供應(yīng)商，而那些有問題要解決的人愿意使用這個基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)提 供基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 來 連接問題和解決 的 辦法，但我們可能還沒有充分利用這個基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。 Deep webs 經(jīng) 常自己運作而且他 們 之 間 沒有 連 接（并不是因 為 他 們 不能 連 接，而是因 為 他 們 不想 連 接）。問題 /回答（ Q＆ A）系統(tǒng)（例如， [3]），可以被看作是另一個特殊的解決問題的能手： （ 基于系統(tǒng)所收集到的文件）尋找問題的答案。本文中通過對一種新的模式，能夠進行“問題驅(qū)動”的搜索 討論了語義計算的本質(zhì) ，給互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來了新的發(fā)展階段。 關(guān)鍵詞：語義計算 ， 搜索引擎 ， 解決問題。 基于關(guān)鍵字的搜索引擎和 Q＆ A 問答 系統(tǒng) 都能 出色地完成他們試圖解決的問題。 （ 3）綜合問題如 建立一個程序，輸入一組數(shù)據(jù)，并 以 遞增順序返回它們。到目前為止， 它已經(jīng)在商品貿(mào)易中發(fā)揮了作用 。 （ 4）供應(yīng)商通常 會 保護 ―知道如何 ‖的解決方案。語義能力描述語言（ SCDL）是類似 SQL 的描述語言，被用來描述一個解決方案（服務(wù)）的能力，客觀支持自動服務(wù)組合。 例如， 關(guān)于 可能知道如何培養(yǎng)狗。關(guān)于元變量有五個制約。 SQDL 中描述問題 SQDL 類似 于 SCDL，除 了 所有輸入變量被實例化 為 一個常數(shù)。 ORA 的 世界 是由輸入的各種對象所組成的 。 在第四部分談到的 SQDL1 可以在 SNL中 描述為： [SNL1] Show (VERB) blobs of images in ‘cmd232’ (NOUN) that have blobs structured like a satellite or a star (ADJECTIVE) And the SNL expression for SQDL2 is: [SNL2] Show (VERB) blobs of images in ‘cmd232’ (NOUN) that have blobs structured like a satellite or a star (ADJECTIVE) an not overlap with other blob structure (ADJECTIVE) 是一個問題驅(qū)動的搜索服務(wù)，需要 將 用戶的問題在 SNL/ SQDL中進行 描述，并 嘗試 確 定一個或多個服務(wù) 來 匹配 這個問題的描述 。根據(jù)適當?shù)慕y(tǒng)一 [30]， 如果一項服務(wù)具有解決這個問題的能力，那么這個匹配就形成了。語義分析層，以不同的格式和集成這些信息之前，都可以使用。標準的圖形用戶界面（ GUI）如瀏 覽，菜單樹和聯(lián)機幫助技術(shù) 的 吸引力遠不如下一代應(yīng)用程序。 本文所討論的搜索引擎 是 語義計算例子 的一個 架構(gòu)。 盡管所有這些努力，自動服務(wù)組合，仍然有很長的路要走去了。 最后，我們希望本文所述的解決問題 的 服務(wù)可能實現(xiàn)最終的目標，每 項 服務(wù)都可以 是 平等的， 是 它的 能力最后決定 它是否 可以被客戶所接受。 C. V. Ramamoorthy (2) Database Search Problems such as Find the supermarkets carrying apples at less than 2 dollars a pound. Deep webs usually work by themselves and they are not connected (not because they cannot be, but perhaps because they do not want to be). (3) Synthesis Problems such as Build a program that takes a set of numbers and returns them in increasing order. Automatic synthesis in general in hard and remains to be a goal to be acplished. (4) Reasoning Problems such as What can be derived from this set of facts? Like automatic synthesis, automatic reasoning may be hard. (5) Data Analysis Problems such as What are the mon patterns shown in this set of images? There are a lot of approaches we may take to solve this problem。Rn S1 C. V. Ramamoorthy classes of objects。 finally the fifth constraints says the number of conditions cannot exceed four. More examples showing how SCDL can be used to describe the capability of services for each type of problems discussed in Sec. 1 may be found in [27]. Note that while an SCDL expression may be executable, in practice it is often not realistic to do so. The language is used to describe the capability of solutions only. By paring the capability of a service expressed in SCDL and a problem description, a match may be determined. 4. Describing Problems in SQDL SQDL is similar to SCDL, except that all input variables are instantiated to a constant. A query in SQDL is presented as: SELECT objects, object attributes and/or functions FROM object classes [WHERE conditions] Now, the problem ―Show all blob clusters of the images in dataset ?cmd232? that are structured like a satellite or a star‖ can be described in SQDL as: [SQDL1] SELECT i FROM image:?cmd232? im, setofblob:()sb string: [?satellite?,?star?]t WHERE (sb) and (t) As another example, the problem ―Show all blob clusters of the images in dataset ?cmd232? that are structured like a satellite or a star and do not overlap with a given blob structure‖ can be described in SQDL as: [SQDL2] SELECT i FROM image:?cmd232? im, setofblob:()sb setofblob:()sc string: [?satellite?,?star?]t WHERE (sb) and (t) and not overlap(sb,sc) In the above, SQDL1 may be solved by S1 in Sec. 4 alone. However SQDL2 has to be solved by bining S1 and S3. Problems, Solutions, and Semantic Computing 389 5. SNL — Bridging People and Descriptions Both SCDL and SQDL seem difficult for ordinary users to understand. A simpler language is needed to allow both consumers and providers to pose their sentences. Structured Natural Language (SNL) [28] is a subset of natural language whose expressive power is described by the Object Relational Algebra (ORA). It can be shown that any query expressed in SQDL can be expressed in ORA, but the reverse is not true. This may be a necessary tradeoff that we have to make to encourage more consumers (and providers) to join the new infrastructure (Factor 3 in Sec. 2). The world of ORA consists of objects that are typed. Associated with objects, we can define a set of predicates and operations. These predicates and operations (collectively called methods) can be used in a unique query language to manipulate as well as retrieve data. This allows many abstract concepts or domain dependent methods that cannot be expressed in the relational model to be included as a part of a query. Details of ORA can be found in [28]. A sentence in SNL is expressed in the following form: Verb noun(s) where adjectives SNL sentences may be posed by na168。 A systems. (6) “Personal” Problems such as I know person A and person B but they don?t like each other, how can I put them to work? This may not be a scientific problem and its solu