【正文】 標應該是以盡可能少的代價和時間找出軟件系統(tǒng)中潛在的錯誤和缺陷。 (3)確認測試 確認測試是對通過組合測試的軟件進行的，這些軟件已經(jīng)存于系統(tǒng)目標設(shè)備的介質(zhì)上，確認測試的目的是對表明軟件是可以工作的，并且符合“軟件需求說明書”中規(guī)定的全部功能和性能要求。 在具體的測試中，一般應遵循以下原則：由程序設(shè)計者之外的人進行測試；測試用例應由兩部分組成：輸入數(shù)據(jù)和預期輸出結(jié)果；應選用不合理的輸入數(shù)據(jù)與非法輸入測試；不僅要檢驗程序是否實現(xiàn)預期功能，還應檢查程序是否做了不應該做的工作；集中測試容易出錯的 程序模塊；對程序修改以后，必須重新進行測試。 （ 4）系統(tǒng)的維護： 本系統(tǒng)是個較復 雜的人 機系統(tǒng)，由于系統(tǒng)外部環(huán)境與內(nèi)部因素的變化，不斷影響系統(tǒng)的運行，同時需要系統(tǒng)不斷地適應這些變化，不斷地完善系統(tǒng)，以提高系統(tǒng)運行的效率與服務水平，這就需要自始至終進行系統(tǒng)的維護工作。 結(jié)束語： 經(jīng)過一個月的設(shè)計與制作， 圖書銷售管理系統(tǒng)基本開發(fā)完畢，整 個設(shè)計可以實現(xiàn)登記、查詢、打印等功能。隨著科學技術(shù)的不斷提高。因此大力開發(fā)管理系統(tǒng)： 計算機代替人工進行，許多繁雜勞動。 第二，顧客在購買書后，書店能方便的做出相應的記錄，并且打印出相應的記錄。 郵 購 表客 戶批 銷 表 批 銷 退 貨 表銷 售 員管 理 員統(tǒng) 計 表 庫 存 表會 計進 貨 表 進 貨 退 貨 表供 應 商 圖 51 系 統(tǒng)業(yè)務流程圖 5． 2 數(shù)據(jù)流程分析 數(shù)據(jù)流圖描述：審核相對于供應商的入庫單和相對于客戶的出庫單。 有兩種單子需要入庫處理，分別是“進貨單”和“銷售退貨單”，它們與“入庫”之間是一對多聯(lián)系 。 接著又對數(shù)據(jù)庫進行了分析，畫出了系統(tǒng)的 ER 圖，為下一階段 的系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計打好基礎(chǔ)。 在本系統(tǒng)開發(fā)中，我們要用到表單向?qū)善?，完成系統(tǒng)的登記管理。 ５、書籍進貨 ： 本系統(tǒng)為了保證系統(tǒng)的一致性，各個界面具有相似性，可以根據(jù)圖書編號、書名、折扣等相關(guān)信息對書籍的進貨情況進行管理，從而對整個書店的庫存情況也有詳細有準確的統(tǒng)計。 硬件平臺是指開發(fā)與運行所需要的硬件環(huán)境，主要包括計算機機型及硬件配置。大量統(tǒng)計資料表明，系統(tǒng)測試的工作量往往占MIS 開發(fā)總工作量的 40%以上。 (1)單元測試： 單元測試也稱模塊測試或程序測試，單元測試是對每個模塊單獨進行的，驗證模塊接口與設(shè)計說明書是否一致，對模塊的所有主要處 理路徑進行測試且與預期的結(jié)構(gòu)進行對照，還要對所有錯誤處理路徑進行測試。 (4)系統(tǒng)測試 系統(tǒng)測試是對整體性能的測試，主要解決各子系統(tǒng)之間的數(shù)據(jù)通信和數(shù)據(jù)共享問 題以及檢測系統(tǒng)不否達到用戶的實際要求，系統(tǒng)測試的依據(jù)是系統(tǒng)分析報告。經(jīng) 過實踐證實，說明該功能完全正常，對其它的功能模塊也進行了類似的設(shè)置。 （ 3）代碼 的維護：隨著系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和變化，可能會出現(xiàn)舊代碼不能適應新要求的問題，因此，有必要變更代碼，予以維護。 致謝： 本次設(shè)計中，劉老師認真負責的工作態(tài)度，嚴謹?shù)闹螌W精神和深厚理論水平使我受益匪淺，給我很大幫助。s been waiting for me to get fed up? Sort of, Mike said. Dad39。s dad said as I entered. He turned and disappeared into his little office next to a bedr oom. I looked around the room and did not see Mike anywhere. Feeling aw kward, I cautiously sat down next to the same two women who where there four weeks earlier. They smiled and slid ac ross the couch to make room for me. Forty five minutes went by, and I was steaming. The two women had met with him and left thirty minutes earlier. An older gentleman was in there for twenty minutes and was also gone. The house was empty, and I sat out in his musty dark living room on a beautiful sunny Hawaiian day, waiting to talk to a chea pskate who exploited children. I could hear him rustling around the office, talking on the phone, and ignoring me. I was now ready to walk out, but for some reason I stayed. Finally, fifteen minutes later, at exactly 9 o39。t taught me anything. You are a crook like everyone in town thinks you are. You39。ve either fired or they39。s something I want you to learn.39。re that kind of person, you39。s pushing. I had no idea what he was talking about. Life pushes all of us around. Some give up. Others fight. A few learn the lesson and move on. They wele life pushing them around. To these few people, it means they need and want to learn something. They learn and move on. Most quit, and a few like you fight. Rich dad stood and shut the creaky old wooden window that needed repair. If you learn this lesson, you will grow into a w ise, wealthy and happy young man. If you don39。ve not taught you anything? asked rich dad calmly. Well, you39。m only a little boy, and I deserve to be treated better. Rich dad rocked back in his swivel chair, hands up to his chin, somewhat staring at me. It was like he was studying me. Not bad, he said. In less than a month, you sound like most of my employees. What? I asked. Not understanding what he was saying, I continued with my grievance. I thought you were going to keep your end of the bargain and teach me. Instead you want to torture me? That39。ve worked for you. I39。ve been set up? No, not really, but maybe. Dad will explain on Saturday. Waiting in Line on Saturday I was ready to face him and I was prepared. Even my real dad was angry with him. My real dad, the one I call the poor one, thought that my rich dad was violating child labor laws and should be investigated. My educated poor dad told me to demand what I deserve. At least 25 cents an hour. My poor dad told me that if I did not get a raise, I was to quit immediately. You don39。s dad, whom I call my rich dad, owned nine of these little superettes with large parking lots. T hey were the early version of the 711 convenience stores. Little neighborhood grocery stores where people bought items such as milk, bread, butter and cigarettes. The problem was, this was Hawaii before air conditioning, and the stores could not close its doors because of the heat. O n tw o sides of the store, the doors had to be wide open to the road and parking lot. Every time a car drove by or pulled into the parking lot, dust would swirl and settle in the store. Hence, we had a job for as long as there was no air conditioning. For three weeks, Mike and I reported to Mrs. Martin and wor ked our three hours. By noon, our work was over, and she dropped three little dimes in each of our ha nds. Now, even at the age of 9 in the mid1950s, 30 cents was not too exciting. Comic books cost 10 cents back then, so I usually spent my money on ic books and went home. By Wednesday of the fourth week, I was ready to quit. I had agreed to wor k only because I wanted to learn to make money from Mike39。即一方面使用本系統(tǒng)來進行工作，另一方面又繼續(xù)沿用老的方式 —手工方式，這種狀況持續(xù)了半個月的時間，在這期間發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些程序中存在的漏洞和錯誤，用戶也提出一些修改意見，經(jīng)過程序的進一步完善后，正式投入了使 用，中止了以前老的手工的操作方式。 （ 3）怎樣使用本系統(tǒng)： 本系統(tǒng)的使用相應簡單，基本上只要會使用 Windows 軟件就 會使用本系統(tǒng)，在具體的操作時，只需點擊鼠標左鍵即可進行相應功能的選擇。 (5)用戶驗收測試 在系統(tǒng)測試完成后，進行用戶的驗收測試，它是用戶在實際應用環(huán)境中所進行的真實數(shù)據(jù)測試。組合測試的對象是指已經(jīng)通過單元測試的模塊，不是對零散模塊進行單個測試，而是用系統(tǒng)化的方法裝配和測試軟件系統(tǒng)，是一個嚴格的過程，必須認真地進行，其計劃的產(chǎn)生和單元模塊測試的完成日期要協(xié)調(diào)起來，這種測試 應在系統(tǒng)目標機上進行，造成系統(tǒng)應用的環(huán)境條件，除了開發(fā)部分項目負責人參加以外，還應該有相應系統(tǒng)的用戶參加，給評審員進行演示。有意義的軟件測試應該是從“破壞”軟件系統(tǒng)的角度出發(fā)，精心設(shè)計最有可以 暴露程序系統(tǒng)缺陷的測試方案。 Visual Basic 具有可視化的開發(fā)環(huán)境，可以快速完成系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，內(nèi)部集成的數(shù)據(jù)庫訪問通道，使得可以輕松方便的對數(shù)據(jù)庫管理。 ９、庫存查詢： 本模塊的設(shè)計是為了防止書籍的積壓，及時對庫存進行管理。 系統(tǒng)登陸界面： 為了加強系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)的安全性，避免產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)非法操作和失秘等情況的發(fā)生，本系統(tǒng)特別設(shè)置了些登陸界面。對本系統(tǒng)的管理進行登記，修改及維護。實體“進貨單”和“進貨退貨單”與“供應商”也是多對多聯(lián)系。 圖 52 數(shù)據(jù)流圖 5． 3 系統(tǒng) ER圖說明 為了把用戶的數(shù)據(jù)要求清楚、準確地描述出來，系統(tǒng)通常建立一個概念性的數(shù)據(jù)模型，即 ER 圖。 第五，負責供書 的管理員對經(jīng)理人決定的進