【正文】 The Airhostess in Theory and Practice. D. The Air Crew Who Are in Love. Question 16～ 20 The use of multiplechoice testing in American society has its beginnings in the idea of a meritocracy, that is, a society where the rulers of elites are chosen not through their wealth or connections but on their ability or merit. This idea can be traced as for back as the ancient Greeks. Even the ancient Chinese created examinations for the purpose of electing government officials. The notion of a society based on merit has always been favored in the United States. This has also been a country where the belief in universal individual opportunity has been greatly admired. Until the Second World War, however, elite selection through higher education, and the opportunity for ordinary citizens to achieve their goals were separate and unrelated ideas. The introduction of widespread testing which was both reliable and valid meant that both these goals could be pursued together. This opportunity occurred when the United States entered the Second World War. The . Navy decided to test new recruits in order to find which of them were suitable for college education before beginning military service. The eventual aim was for these recruits to be better able to perform higherlevel military tasks. Because of the large number of people who had to be tested, it was necessary to use a test which could be quickly and reliably administered and scored at several test sites simultaneously. On April 2, 1943, the first mass testing was administered to 325,000 young men. The success of the program meant that educational testing could be performed not just for elite selection but to give opportunity to the large mass of ordinary citizens. 16. What is the main topic of the passage? A. The idea of a meritocracy. B. The development of multiplechoice testing. C. The opportunities for the ordinary citizen. D. The United States39。 language behavior is merely imitative. For this behavior to be called “ language” , it must also be municative. The proponents of ape language counter that those who deny the validity of this research have never worked with apes. They point out that new fields of investigation always create controversy. They add that subhuman primates have not been taught to speak, however, because the outer layer of their brain hemispheres is not sufficiently refined. 1. According to the passage, ape language researchers say that apes can____________. A. talk to human beings B. think creatively C. write about themselves D. understand some spoken words 2. According to the passage, ape human munication is___________. A. observed readily by most scientists B. rejected by all researchers C. tracted skeptically by some scientists D. not questioned by linguists 3. In paragraph 2, the word “ proponents” refers to_______________. A. people who believe that apes municate B. skeptics who have criticized the research 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 6 頁 共 11 頁 C. designers that indicate auditory discrimination D. researchers that have learned to municate with apes 4. It may be inferred from the passage that________________. A. only gorillas and chimpanzees are primates B. only human beings are primates C. all animals except apes are primates D. both humans and apes are primates 5. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage? A. Research into apes39。ll accept no excuses for absences on next Wednesday. C. You39。s too busy to write. D. He didn39。ll go with you. D. If you39。s appointments? D. They canceled appointments for tomorrow without notifying anyone. 5. A The spokesperson gave no specific information about the new policies. B. The spokesperson refused to ment on the new government39。t like people to drop in without a previous invitation. B. They never send an elderly relative to an old persons39。s contribution to the war effort. 17. The word “ traced” in line 4 is closest in meaning to________. A. transposed B. followed 中國最大的管理資源中心 (大量免費資源共享 ) 第 9 頁 共 11 頁 C. simplified D. condemned 18. Why does the author mention the Greeks and the Chinese? A. To demonstrate how welleducated ancient people were. B. To indicate that multiplechoice testing is not new. C. To show that selection based on merit is not a new idea. D. To give examples of societies governed by the wealthy. 19. According to the passage, before World War Ⅱ _____________. A. educational testing was widespread B. the military elites were better educated C. the opportunity for individuals had been increased D. elite selection and individual opportunity were unconnected 20. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraphs following the passage? A. Other goals of the . Navy. B. The advances in educational testing. C. New test sites which became available. D. The development of tests for ordinary citizens. Questions 21～ 25 Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance, and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better