unit-8-language-in-society-文庫吧在線文庫
【正文】 signal respect to the person you are speaking to: “Hey ma, fix my jacket” “Mom, could you please do me a favor, and fix my jacket?” ? In Japanese, according to Masaaki Yamanashi, the appropriate choice of honorifics is based on plex rules evaluating addressee, referent, and entities or activities associated with either. ? 1. Without Honorific. yamada ga musuko to syokuzi o tanosinda yamada son dinner enjoyed “Yamada enjoyed dinner with his son.” ? 2. With Honorific. yamadasan ga musukosan to osyokuzi o tanosimareta yamadaHON sonHON HONdinner enjoyedHON “Yamada enjoyed dinner with his son.” ? ? Mrs,Ms/Mr。 dame/knight。 ? use (super) polite forms (would you please? I’d really appreciate...)。 ? use intonation for questions in declarative contexts. Bilingualism amp。 ? use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation (including ungrammatical forms, like between you and I [standard syntax = between you and me])。 matron/patron。 spinster/bachelor。 7. 系統(tǒng) 功能學(xué)派 ? 功能主義（ functionalism）指的是當(dāng)代語言學(xué)界與形式主義相對(duì)峙的一種學(xué)術(shù)思潮。 2. 結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué) ? 興起于本世紀(jì) 30年代的歐洲，基本理論源出于索緒爾的 《 普通語言學(xué)教程 》 ，反對(duì)對(duì)語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行孤立的分析，主張系統(tǒng)的研究。 ? 一些基本理論，如區(qū)分語言和言語，在語言中又區(qū)分共時(shí)和歷時(shí)，認(rèn)為語言是一個(gè)符號(hào)系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)中的成分依據(jù)成分之間的差別和關(guān)系從話語中切分出來，并加以分類歸并，而后從它們之間的緊密聯(lián)系、互相制約的關(guān)系中去研究語言的系統(tǒng)。它旨在通過語言
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