【正文】 .０４ ５ .５３ 3. 復(fù)合表 按兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上標(biāo)志分組的統(tǒng)計(jì)表為復(fù)合表 。 ???組數(shù) RDepartment of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 4. 登記頻數(shù)并計(jì)算 用劃“正”字法。 ?各條形的排列應(yīng)有一定的順序。 176。 (按時(shí)間順序連成線條即成 ) Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 表 建國(guó)以來某地區(qū)幼兒園人數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)表 年份 人數(shù) (萬 ) 解放前 49 51 53 55 01234567解放前 49 51 53 55圖 2：建國(guó)以來，某地區(qū)幼兒園人數(shù)發(fā)展統(tǒng)計(jì)圖 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 2. 頻數(shù)分布圖 常用的頻數(shù)分布圖有直方圖、多邊圖、累積多邊圖 ?注意點(diǎn)： ?繪折線，不畫光滑曲線 ?圖中相比較的線一般不超過五條，圖中不用文字或數(shù)字表示。 ?圖形的兩端應(yīng)該引至外側(cè)一組的中點(diǎn)與基線相接。 ?根據(jù)資料的性質(zhì)和分析的目的，正確選擇適合的圖形。 ?種類 集中量 (如平均數(shù) )、差異量 (如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 )、相關(guān)量 (相關(guān)系數(shù) )等。 X?2．公式： NXX ?? ( 算術(shù)平均數(shù) = ) 總次數(shù)變量總和其中： =總和 X=各觀察值 N=觀察值的個(gè)數(shù) ? 算術(shù)平均數(shù) (MEAN) 算術(shù)平均數(shù)概念 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 1. 原始數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算法 例：某幼兒園大班幼兒 10名，在某次計(jì)算練習(xí)中成績(jī)分別為9， 6， 8， 9， 7， 6， 8， 9， 7， 7。 ○是計(jì)算方差、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、相關(guān)系數(shù)以及推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。 ○嚴(yán)密確定。 利用集中量數(shù)可以分析現(xiàn)象之間的依存關(guān)系。 ?圖中如有必須解釋的地方，可用圖注加以說明。 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 表 二年級(jí) 80個(gè)學(xué)生身高的頻數(shù)、累積頻數(shù)、累積百分比表 例圖：二年級(jí) 80個(gè)學(xué)生身高的累積頻數(shù)和累積百分比分布圖 身高 組中值 頻數(shù) 累積頻數(shù) 累積百分比 115 118 121 124 127 130 133 136 139 142 1 3 8 10 20 19 12 4 2 1 1 4 12 22 42 61 73 77 79 80 100 總和 80 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 因?yàn)槔鄯e頻數(shù)和累積百分比圖形都成“ S”形，所以統(tǒng)稱為“ S”型曲線 。 ?在縱軸上定出各組頻數(shù)高度，并在各組頻數(shù)高度處劃一橫線與各組上、下限的兩條縱線相交，形成一個(gè)矩形。 一種事物隨另一種事物變化的情況 。 一個(gè)圓形代表一個(gè)完整的總體 ， 圓形內(nèi)的各個(gè)扇形相當(dāng)于總體的各個(gè)組成部分 。 繪制手續(xù)簡(jiǎn)便、表現(xiàn)形式明確、圖形效果良好。 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 連續(xù)變量頻數(shù)分布表的編制 例 師大附小二年級(jí) 80個(gè)學(xué)生的身高如下表，并用該數(shù)據(jù)做頻數(shù)分布表。 4 . 描述統(tǒng)計(jì)、推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)三者之間的關(guān)系 ?描述統(tǒng)計(jì)是推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ) ?推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)是描述統(tǒng)計(jì)的升華 ?良好的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)是獲得真實(shí)的，有價(jià)值的數(shù)據(jù)，并推測(cè)未知的教育結(jié)果的保證 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 教育統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的結(jié)構(gòu) 資料收集 描述統(tǒng)計(jì) 推斷統(tǒng)計(jì) 概率論 ?經(jīng)常性資料 ?調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù) ?實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù) ?歷史資料 ?測(cè)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù) ?統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表 ?集中量 ?差異量 ?相關(guān)量 ?預(yù)測(cè)統(tǒng)計(jì) predictive ?Z 檢驗(yàn) ?T 檢驗(yàn) ?非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn) ?方差分析 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 教育統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中的基本概念 1. 變量與常量 (Variable vs Constant) 2. 隨機(jī)變量 (Random Variable) 表示隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象各種結(jié)果的變量 隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象：一次方試驗(yàn)有多種可能的結(jié)果；試驗(yàn)前不能預(yù)料哪一種結(jié)果會(huì)出現(xiàn)；試驗(yàn)可以重復(fù)。 主要任務(wù)：研究如何搜集、整理、分析由教育調(diào)查和教育實(shí)驗(yàn)等途徑所獲得的數(shù)字資料，并以此為依據(jù)，進(jìn)行科學(xué)推斷，從而揭示蘊(yùn)含在教育現(xiàn)象中的客觀規(guī)律。檢驗(yàn) 第十一章 相關(guān)分析 第十二章 回歸分析 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 第十三章 非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn) 第十四章 抽樣設(shè)計(jì) Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education Statistics of Education 第一章 緒論 INTRODUCTION 主要內(nèi)容： ?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的發(fā)展史簡(jiǎn)介 ?教育統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容 ?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中的基本概念 Department of Special Education ECNU Department of Special Education ECNU