外文翻譯--結(jié)構(gòu)工程在新時(shí)代遇到的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)-文庫(kù)吧在線文庫(kù)
【正文】 nd aesthetic form. In all of these areas,structural engineers contribute significantly by bining mathematical, scientific,artistic, and entrepreneur significant contributions of structural engineering can be established bystudying some old historic structures. The building of pyramids could be one of thosemonumental events. It should be noted that structures made with stone and mud orwith other available materials were built before pyramids, say around 3000 BC, but forthis discussion they are not considered to be engineered structures. The first pyramidwas the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built for King Zoser in 2750 BC. This represents thefirst application of largescale technology. Imhotep, the architect of the Step Pyramid isoften credited with its design. He was not a pharaoh or structural engineer, but was theDirector of Works of Upper and Lower Egypt. The superstructure of the pyramid was made of small limestone blocks and desert clay. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC toserve as his tomb.The way we define structural engineering today was most likely initiated at thetime of Lord Buddha, about 500 BC Greeks played very important roles during thistime – the Parthenon was built in 438 BC. Experience, intuition, and empirical rulesmight have played very crucial roles at this early stage of development. Stone andmasonry were the primary materials used for the construction. Then Aristotle(384322 BC) and Archimedes (287212 BC) came into the picture. They are credited withinitiating the development of the principles of statics. Then Romans started building arches, domes and vaults using stone, masonry, wood, and some metal. They did notuse any analytical principles, but used some basic forms to build their structures. This type of activity continued for about 1,000 years, say up to about 500 ADDesign philosophiesAdvances in numerical analysis techniques also identified the weaknesses in of these techniques work very well verifying failures but are generally unable toprevent failures. One of the main reasons for this is our inability to predict futureloadings an
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