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honour his mitment as offered or former therefore makes it a condition thatappropriate security be the other hand, the seller must find a way to be assured of receiving payment if no special security is provided for the payment such as in the open account business and documentary security may be obtained through banks in the form of a bank guarantee is used as an instrument for securing performance or payment especially in international bank guarantee is a written promise issued by a bank at the request of its customer, undertaking to make payment to the beneficiary within the limits of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the may also be defined as the irrevocable obligation of a bank to pay a sum of money in the event of nonperformance of a contract by the from a letter of credit, a bank guarantee is an undertaking which will be brought into effect by the guarantor, namely the bank, only if the principal fails to pay or perform and so the bank is secondarily liable to the , under a payment guarantee, it is stipulated that the bank undertakes to pay, provided the documents presented are in pliance with the terms and conditions of the forms of a letter of guarantee are bank in the world seldom follows the Uniform Rule for Contract Guarantee and uses its own forms instance:PERFORIVIANCE GUARANTEETo:(Foreign buyer)Date:Performance Bond Betweenandhereafter referred to as the vendor, a contract for delivery ofunder entered into onat a total price ofCIF/,(bank), hereby irrevocablyguarantee the correct fulfillment of the abovementioned contract by the vendor and undertake hereby irrevocably to make a payment at once of an amount up to a total of___(in words)on your first written demand against return of the original of this document and your written declaration that the vendor has not plied with the liability under this guarantee expires at the latest must be made by registered letter or cable to reach us by that date, otherwise our liability bees original of this document must be returned to us after expiry or on settlement of claims under the guarantee, In case of a claim under the guarantee, we shall make payments according to the regulations in force concerning payment transaction bankExercises::1.支付方.2.延期支寸貨款3.賒賬4.裝運(yùn)單證5.付款/承兌交單6.跟單托收7.履行其承諾8.書(shū)面承諾9.產(chǎn)地證明10.預(yù)付貨款 TO E:1.不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證為受益人提供了高度的保證。但保函與信用證不同在于它不是一種付款方式,而是一種保障付款或履行其他義務(wù)的法律工具。(對(duì))。(對(duì))。(錯(cuò))。(對(duì))。(對(duì))。(錯(cuò))。(錯(cuò))5.POS系統(tǒng)必須通過(guò)有線(xiàn)系統(tǒng)連接。錯(cuò)。對(duì) 八。對(duì) 。對(duì)()。(錯(cuò))。對(duì)()。對(duì) 十二()。錯(cuò)()9.《網(wǎng)上銀行業(yè)務(wù)管理暫行辦法》適用于所有商業(yè)銀行的網(wǎng)銀。最后,買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在信息交流平臺(tái)上通過(guò)對(duì)價(jià)格協(xié)商,運(yùn)輸與交貨環(huán)節(jié)的確認(rèn),簽訂購(gòu)物合同后,就可以實(shí)施電子交付并由賣(mài)方委托物流企業(yè)給用戶(hù)發(fā)貨。登錄。第四章。? 答:非對(duì)稱(chēng)密鑰加密是指加密和解密過(guò)程分別使用兩個(gè)不同的密鑰,即密鑰分解為一對(duì),包括一把公開(kāi)密鑰和一把私有密鑰。;;3,Web服務(wù)器與瀏覽器協(xié)商密鑰位數(shù)(40位或128位);客戶(hù)機(jī)提供自己支持的所有算法清單,服務(wù)器選擇它認(rèn)為最有效的密碼。所以能夠較好的突破網(wǎng)上交易中的信用問(wèn)題,有利于推動(dòng)電子商務(wù)的快速發(fā)展。從廣義上講,電子商務(wù)泛指基于Internet上的一切與數(shù)字化處理有關(guān)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)。指用于電子回避支付后,一次支付的余額信息必須返回發(fā)行主體進(jìn)行結(jié)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付與結(jié)算的定義網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付,也稱(chēng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付與結(jié)算,英文描述為Net Payment或Internet Payment。至此,這次網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付完畢。至此,本次類(lèi) 現(xiàn)金的網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付過(guò)程完畢。由于美國(guó)的封鎖,中國(guó)暫時(shí)沒(méi)有比較完善的生成較長(zhǎng)密鑰的技術(shù)。接收方收到信息后,用自己的私人密鑰解密,打開(kāi)數(shù)字信封,取出隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生的對(duì)稱(chēng)密鑰,用此對(duì)稱(chēng)密鑰再對(duì)所收到的密文解密,得到原來(lái)的信息。(3)同一數(shù)字簽名是不可多用的。是基于Internet的一個(gè)公正的,有權(quán)威的,獨(dú)立的(第三方的),廣受新來(lái)的組織機(jī)構(gòu),主要負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)字證書(shū)的發(fā)行、管理以及認(rèn)證服務(wù),以保證網(wǎng)上業(yè)務(wù)安全可靠的進(jìn)行。個(gè)人資料管理和應(yīng)用方便客戶(hù)可以使用多張銀行卡可以使用多個(gè)電子錢(qián)包購(gòu)物記錄的保存和查詢(xún)多臺(tái)電腦可以使用一套電子錢(qián)包,公用同一張數(shù)字證書(shū)6不管應(yīng)用何種電子貨幣(特別是信用卡),都具有較強(qiáng)的安全性 電子支票的概念所謂電子支票,英文一般描述為ECheck,也稱(chēng)為數(shù)字支票,是將傳統(tǒng)支票的全部?jī)?nèi)容電子化和數(shù)字化,形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式的電子版,借助計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Internet與金融專(zhuān)網(wǎng))完成其在客戶(hù)之間、銀行與客戶(hù)之間以及銀行與銀行之間的傳遞與處理,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)銀行客戶(hù)之間的資金支付結(jié)算。在通過(guò)第三方支付平臺(tái)的交易中,買(mǎi)方選購(gòu)商品后,使用第三方平臺(tái)提供的賬戶(hù)進(jìn)行貨款支付,由第三方通知賣(mài)家貨款到達(dá)、進(jìn)行發(fā)貨;買(mǎi)方檢驗(yàn)物品后,就可以通知付款給賣(mài)家,第三方再將款項(xiàng)轉(zhuǎn)至賣(mài)家賬戶(hù)電子貨幣:(Electronic Money,ecash、ecurrency)指用一定金額的現(xiàn)金或存款從發(fā)行者處兌換并獲得代表相同金額的數(shù)據(jù),通過(guò)使用某些電子化方法將該數(shù)據(jù)直接轉(zhuǎn)移給支付對(duì)象,從而能夠清償債務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付系統(tǒng):網(wǎng)絡(luò)支付過(guò)程涉及客戶(hù)、商家、銀行或金融機(jī)構(gòu)、商務(wù)認(rèn)證管理部門(mén)之間的安全商務(wù)互動(dòng),形成一個(gè)融購(gòu)物流程、支付工具、安全技術(shù)、認(rèn)證體系、信用體系以及現(xiàn)在的金融體系為一體的綜合大系統(tǒng)。電子商務(wù)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行產(chǎn)生的商業(yè)基礎(chǔ),沒(méi)有電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展,就不會(huì)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行的興起。請(qǐng)客觀的評(píng)價(jià)這一問(wèn)題。安全性高。一張卡片可以同時(shí)應(yīng)用于不同的子系統(tǒng)從而可以實(shí)現(xiàn)一卡多用,改變持卡人“一事一卡”的尷尬狀態(tài)??蛻?hù)認(rèn)證階段: Web服務(wù)器用自己的私鑰解密??蛻?hù)與服務(wù)商之間交換雙方認(rèn)可的密碼,以便雙方相互確認(rèn)。范圍廣(金融、非金融交易卡等)非接觸式支付的發(fā)展前景:RFID技術(shù),尤其是NFC技術(shù)將在非接觸式銀行卡以及其它非接觸式支付領(lǐng)域內(nèi),徹底改變持卡人使用科技和商戶(hù)利用科技的模式。若在CNAPS上建立切實(shí)能跟蹤業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)行的監(jiān)管系統(tǒng),則可以方便地通過(guò)監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)對(duì)其主要賬戶(hù)及主要客戶(hù)進(jìn)行資金流量、流向及合法性的監(jiān)測(cè),可以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題,及時(shí)預(yù)警并及時(shí)處理。所以,網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行的誕生,既是電子商務(wù)發(fā)展的客觀要求,又是傳統(tǒng)銀行發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果CNAPS設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè)時(shí),第三方支付還剛剛起步,當(dāng)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的重點(diǎn)是在銀行間的支付與清算,系統(tǒng)的主要參與者是各商業(yè)銀行。1電子商務(wù)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)銀行提供商業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。NFC:是一種非接觸式識(shí)別和互聯(lián)技術(shù),可以在移動(dòng)設(shè)備、PC 和智能控件工具間進(jìn)行近距離無(wú)線(xiàn)通信。采用數(shù)字簽名、隱蔽簽名技術(shù)防偽造、防抵賴(lài)電子現(xiàn)金應(yīng)用軟件依賴(lài)大大節(jié)省資源,避免類(lèi)似紙幣的巨額保管、運(yùn)輸和維護(hù)費(fèi)用。數(shù)字證書(shū)的概念所謂數(shù)字證書(shū),英文Digital Certification,是指利用電子信息技術(shù)手段,確認(rèn)、鑒定、認(rèn)證Internet上信息交流參與者的身份或服務(wù)器身份,是一個(gè)擔(dān)保人,計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)或者組織(企業(yè)或政府部門(mén))的身份,并且發(fā)布加密算法類(lèi)別、公開(kāi)密鑰及其所有權(quán)的電子文檔。(2)數(shù)字簽名是不可偽造的。舉例說(shuō)明RSA加密算法的加密和解密過(guò)程 1)設(shè)計(jì)密鑰(e,n)(1)找出兩個(gè)素?cái)?shù)P=3 Q=11求得n=311=33 z=210=20(2)再找出兩個(gè)正整數(shù)e,d gcd(d,20)=1 取 e=3 ed≡1(mod 20)3d≡1mod20→轉(zhuǎn)換:3dmod20≡1 得d=7 因此 加密密鑰K加(3,33)解密密鑰K解(7,33)加密 明文=“key” 對(duì)應(yīng)為 11,5,25 用加密密鑰(3,33)將其加密 C≡M^ e mod n C1≡M1^ e modn =11^ 3mod33=1331mod33=11 C2≡M2^ emodn =5^ 3mod33=125mod33=26 C3≡M3^ emodn=25^ 3mod33=15625mod33=16 得到相應(yīng)密文信息為11,26,16