【正文】 n i t, gradual y improvi ng his theory until he fel t it was plete. In 1514 he showed it privately to his fri ends. The changes he m ade to the ol d theory were revol uti onary. H e pl aced a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system wi th the plas goi ng round i t and only the m oon stil going round the earth. H e al so suggested that the earth was spi nni ng as i t went round the sun and this expl ai ned changes in the movement of the pl as and i n the brightnes of the stars. Hi s fri ends were enthusi astic and encouraged him to publish his i deas, but Copernicus was cauti ous. He di d not want to be attacked by the Christi an Church, so he only publ ished it as he lay dyi ng i n 1543. Certainl y he was right to be careful . The Christi an Church rejected his theory, sayi ng i t was agai nst God’s idea and peopl e who supported i t would be attacked. Yet Copernicus’ theory i s now the basis on which al our i deas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Chri stian i dea of gravity, which sai d thi ngs tel l to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the uni verse. Coperni cus them e parks are not only am usi ng but al so educational . Take the Polynesian Cul tural Center (PCC) i n Hawai i for example. It not onl y shows vi si tors the Pol ynesian way of li fe but also protects their skil s and culture for the future. Pol ynesi a is the name given to m any groups of sm al l islands that are spread about the Pacific Ocean. The PC i s set i n 42 acres of beauti ful countrysi de where vi si tors can see seven di fferent traditional Pol ynesi an i sl and vil lages. Vi l agers from m any i sl and m uni ti es e to show visitors thei r styl es of dres and di fferent custom s. For exam pl e, you can see di fferent skil ls of the vi l agers. You can l earn how they make cl othes from bark and how they cl imb very tal l trees wi th their bare feet or see what kind of wedi ng cerem oni es they have. They al so tel you about thei r social custom s and show you thei r cooking m ethods and thei r dances. Thei r most important skil i s boatbuil di ng, whi ch al lowed the i sl anders to expl ore al l the i sl ands in the Pol ynesi an Tri angl e. We know that i n their hi story they were sea travel ers m ovi ng from island to i sl and. They were abl e to fi nd thei r way using the sm el of the wi n, the m ovem ents of the fish and seaweed, and the hei ght and di recti on of the waves. They were very cl ever sail ors. N ow they use those boatbuil di ng skil ls to m ake l ong boats and show the races and the battl es that they tok part i n l ong ago. Al thi s hel ps kep the skil s and the technol ogy of the i sl and peopl e al ive. 必修五 Uni t 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA John Snow was a famous doctor i n London—so expert, indeed, that he atended Queen Vi ctori a as her personal physi ci an. But he became i nspired when he thought about helping ordi nary peopl e exposed to chol era. Thi s was the deadly di sease of i ts day. Neither i ts cause nor its cure was understod. So m any thousands of teri fi ed peopl e di ed every tim e there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the chal enge and solve thi s probl em . H e knew that chol era woul d never be control ed unti l i ts cause was found. H e becam e i nterested i n two theori es that possi bl y expl ai ned how chol era ki l ed peopl e. The first suggested that chol era multipli ed i n the ai r. A cl oud of dangerous gas fl oated around unti l it found its victim s. The second suggested that peopl e absorbed thi s di sease into their bodi es wi th their meal s. From the stomach the di sease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person di ed. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evi dence. So when another outbreak hi t London i n 1845, he was ready to begi n hi s enquiry. As the di sease spread qui ckl y through poor neighborhods, he began to gather i nform ati on. In two parti cul ar streets, the chol era outbreak was so severe that more than 500 peopl e died in ten days. H e was determi ned to fi nd out why. Fi rst he m arked on a m ap the exact pl aces where al the dead peopl e had li ved. This gave him a val uabl e cl ue about the cause of the di sease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump i n Broad Street (especi al ly num bers 16, 37, 38 and 40) . H e al so noti ced that som e houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cam bri dge Street) had had no deaths. H e had not foreseen this, so he m ade further i nvestigati ons. H e di scovered that these peopl e worked in the pub at 7 Cam bri dge Stret. They had been gi ven fre beer and so had not drunk the water from the pum p. It sem ed that the water was to bl am e. N ext, John Snow looked i nto the source of the water for these two streets. H e found that it cam e from the ri ver pol luted by the dirty water from London. H e imm edi atel y tol d the astonished peopl e in Broad Stret to remove the handl e from the pum p so that it coul d not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. H e had shown that cholera was spread by germ s and not in a cl oud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporti ng evidence from two other deaths that were li nked to the Broad Street outbreak. A wom an, who had moved away from Broad Stret, l iked the water from the pum p so m uch that she had i t del ivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. Wi th this extra evi dence John Snow was abl e to announce wi th certai nty that pol uted water carri ed the virus. To prevent this from happening agai n, John Snow sugested that the source of al the water suppli es be exami ned. The water pani es were i nstructed not to expose peopl e to pol uted water any m ore. Fi nal y “Ki ng Chol era” was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY TH EORY Ni col aus Coperni cus was frightened and hi s mi nd was confused.