電子商務(wù)與民航信息化(ppt36)(存儲版)
【正文】 etitors d. Lowers variable cost relative to fixed cost, increasing pressures for price discounting. a. Reduces barriers to entry as the need for a sales force, access to channels, and physical assets – anything that inter technology eliminates or makes easier to do reduces barriers to entry. b. Inter applications are difficult to keep proprietary form new entrants. c. A flood of new entrants has e into many industries. a. Procurement using the inter tends to raise bargaining power over suppliers, though it can also give suppliers access to more customers. b. The inter provides a channel for suppliers to reach end users, reducing the leverage of intervening panies. c. Inter procurement and digital markets tend to give all panies equal access to suppliers, and gravitate procurement to standardized products that reduce differentiation. d. Reduced barriers to entry and the proliferation of petitors downstream shifts power to suppliers. How the Inter Influences Industry Structure (Porter, Michael 2023) SUPPLIER TRADITIONAL TRAVEL AGENT ONLINE TRAVEL AGENT COMPETITIVE INTENSITY (Based on volume) (Based on realtime information) SELECTIVE BARGAINING POWER COLLECTIVE BARGAINING POWER BUYER 議價能力的轉(zhuǎn)移 不透明 完全透明 “價格” 是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上最容易被傳遞和比較的參數(shù)。 (Fitzgerald, 2023) 航空產(chǎn)品的特點 ? 空間有限（相同的機(jī)艙，有限的餐飲和娛樂 設(shè)施，有限的客艙服務(wù)人員） ? 服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)定（高度管制的行業(yè)） ? 核心業(yè)務(wù)同質(zhì)（從 A點位移到 B點） Low Low High High Impact on Production Impact on Distribution Airline NTO/LTO Travel Agent Meeting Planning Hotel Tour Operator Car Rental Attractions Bed Breakfast Surf Board Rentals Restaurant Catering Adapted from Werthrner (2023) p. 20 and Sheldon (1997) Adapted from Hukill， TIM 603 信息技術(shù)對旅游行業(yè)的影響 Philip Alford, 2023 Leisure Traveler Business Traveler Travel Portal Travel Agents Tour operator GDS CRS Conso Lidator Whole saler Airline Transfer Acm. Cruise Car Hire Insurance Ferry Excursion Rail Other Consumer Distributor Principal Aggregator Suppl
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