【正文】 areas of family education, moral education, and on interpersonal relationships. Various Chinese Areas: Singapore ? The importance of discipline in early childhood: ? The child should obey and not be allowed to talk back.? ? In order to discipline a child effectively, many parents admit to have sometimes threatened the child, such as reporting them to a teacher or a policeman. ? They depend less on physical punishment than do parents on the Mainland, they profess to not entirely dismissing corporal punishment in creating a filial son. ? A child must show respect for adults, and elderly in particular. ? Not proper to show intimacy in front of their children. How About Hong Kong? ? Mixture/Fusion of both Chinese and Western influences ? Over 97% are ethnic Chinese ? 2 written and 3 spoken languages ? What do you think – Chinese identity, parental control, independence???? Contemporary Chinese Socialization: Summary ? All Chinese parents share certain basic values and practices. ? They pay attention to train children to develop a moral character, such as respecting elders, cooperating and maintaining harmonious social relations. ? They help and push children to achieve in school, and expects adults to set examples for children to emulate. ? Young parents may not be harsh disciplinarians, but they still expect children to obey, to act on parents’ mand. II. Emotion among the Chinese ? Arthur Kleinman (Harvard anthropologist, 1986 paper): Chinese tend to believe emotion to be dangerous, value moderation中庸 in all matters, and emphasize social harmony over individual expression. ? ., emotional behavior is normatively moderate or suppressed. ? In traditional Chinese medicine, extreme emotions are thought to cause/closely related to physical illness (. depression/worries illness in liver 憂傷 肝鬱結(jié) ) Emotional Behavior in a Social Context ? Potter (1988 paper) provides a different analysis: Emotions are less relevant in China than they are in the West. ? Emotions are best ignored like minor aches and pains. They do not achieve social ends and are not needed to legitimate social relationships. ? Harmful emotions can therefore be discouraged。 UK managers who worked in HK: petition second and promise third. Beliefs Related to Power Distance權(quán)力距離 ? Social structure for Chinese: hierarchical and exhibits a large power distance. ? The basic belief is that the ideal way to anize a collective is through a welldefined hierarchy, with explicit responsibilities for each role in the hierarchy. ? . the typical leadership pattern in Chinese societies tends to be paternalistic父權(quán) and authoritarian權(quán)威性 . Contemporary Environmental Beliefs Primary Secondary Control ? Primary control is a predominant strategy in the West. In order to attain one’ s goal and wishes, one has to attempt to bring about objective changes in the environment. ? Secondary control is prevalent in the East. Because of the emphasis on interdependence and harmony in groups, people should show a stronger tendency to adjust themselves to fit the environment. ? Chinese believe that secondary control is a more effective way to attain their goals than is primary control. Beliefs about Uncertain Events ? British subjects tend to adopt a probabilistic view of uncertainty and are able to assess the likelihood of occurrence of uncertain events more accurately. ? The Southeast Asian subject (including HK people) tend to view the world in terms of total certainty or uncertainty, and were less inclined to make a probabilistic judgment of uncertain events. Beliefs about Uncertain Events ? A probabilistic view of the world is conductive to a rational approach to decisionmaking and to use of facts and figures in ing to a decision, and it is derived from the social logic of low power distance. ? A nonprobabilistic worldview would diminish the importance of objective facts and figures, thus making the role of intuition important and arbitrary authority acceptable. . major business deals are made by Chinese tycoons (the head of the pany) rather than meticulous calculations by the management. 謝謝觀看 /歡迎下載 BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES. BY FAITH I BY FAITH 。 but emphasis obligation duty ? Yet, as early as in Shijing 詩經(jīng) of Zhou因 Dyansty, there is romantic love. Also in a lot of traditional in poetry/fiction/drama… ? Very often, there is love between a man a prostitute/ a concubine when the man can make his own choice of his lover. III. The Role of Belief in Chinese Culture ? In theorizing about the structure of values, one has to meet 3 universal requirements of social existence: ? Needs of individual ? Needs for coordinated social interaction ? Needs for the survival and wellbeing of the group ? This functional framework should be applicable to beliefs: ? Psychological beliefs ? Social beliefs ? Environmental beliefs A Review of T