【正文】 the automobile. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE ? Knowledge perspectives, which represent the view that is held relative to future directions and realities in the technological area under consideration。), and, conversely, the effects in which the system influences the environment are outputs. From this consideration 39。manufacturing system39。 but in this example, students are the parts that flow or matriculate through the university system (2) Relationship. Several units assembled together are merely a 39。 is a selfanizing system, in that it generates a diversified variety of activities, resulting in economies of scope. Systems Defined Four Definitions of Systems On the basis of the foregoing considerations, the four essential definitions of systems can now be given as follows (Hitomi, 1975). Systems Defined (1) Abstract (or basic) definition. On the basis of the first two attributes above, 39。a system is a procedurea series of chronological, logical steps by which all repetitive tasks are performed39。 What is in demand? ? The research, development, test, and evaluation life cycle is intended to yield answers to the question。s law of mechanics, until we actually e up with a differential equation, SYSTEMS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE doubtlessly a very plicated one, that could be used to predict the motion of an automobile when subjected to various forcing functions due to different time histories of accelerator pedal movement and braking controls. Then we could use this differential equation to project the time that would be required to stop a fancy sports car traveling at 60 miles per hour under a certain type of braking action. We would be using knowledge principles to predict the braking effectiveness of this particular car. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE ? Knowledge practices, which represent the accumulated wisdom and experiences that have led to the development of standard operating policies for wellstructured problems。disturbances39。 For such a group to be admissible as a system, a relationship or an interaction must exist among the units. The systems point of view also recognizes that a problem and its solution have many elements or ponents, and there are many different relations among them. For example, grades are one mechanism（機(jī)制） for interaction between professors and students. Grades serve a purpose, intended or not. Basic Attributes of the System Basic Attributes of the System (3) Goalseeking. An actual system as a whole performs a certain function or aims at single or multiple objectives. Wherever these objectives are attained at their maximum/minimum levels, system optimization is said to have been performed. An objective that is measurable by any means is called a goal/target. For example ： A 39。group39。a system is a collection of recognizable units having relationships among the units39。. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TABLE Definitions of Systems Engineering ? Structure Systems engineering is management technology to assist clients through the formulation, analysis, and interpretation of the impacts of proposed policies, controls, or plete systems upon the need perspectives, institutional perspectives, and value perspectives of stakeholders to issues under consideration. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The structural definition of systems engineering tells us that we are concerned with a framework for problem resolution that, from a formal perspective at least, consists of three fundamental steps: ? Issue formulation ? Issue analysis ? Issue interpretation These are each conducted at each of the lifecycle phases that have been chosen in order to implement the basic phased efforts of definition, development, and deployment. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TABLE Definitions of Systems Engineering ? Function Systems engineering is an appropriate bination of the methods and tools of systems engineering, made possible through use of a suitable methodology and systems management procedures, in a useful processoriented setting that is appropriate for the resolution of realworld problems, often of large scale and scope. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING The functional definition of systems engineering says that we will be concerned with an appropriate bination of methods and tools. We will denote the result of the effort to obtain this bination as a systems methodology. Systems engineering methodology is concerned with the life cycle or process used for system evolution. The functional definition of systems engineering also says that we will acplish this in a useful and appropriate setting. This useful setting is provided by an appropriate systems management process. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ? Purpose The purpose of systems engineering is information and knowledge anization that will assist clients who desire to define, develop, and deploy total systems to achieve a high standard of overall quality, integrity, and integration as related to performance, trustworthiness, reliability, availability, and maintainability of the resulting system. DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING We will use the term systems management to refer to the cognitive and anizational tasks necessary to produce a useful process, methodology, or product line for system evolution and to manage the processrelated activities that result in a trustworthy system. More specifically, the result of systems management is an appropriate bination of the methods and tools of systems engineering, including their use in a methodological setting, with appropriate leadership in managing system process and product development, to ultimately field